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THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
effect in rapidly decomposing the inert organ¬ 
ic matter, and reducing it to soluble plant 
food. When used upon clay or sandy soils, of 
which potash rocks, such as mica, feldspar, or 
greenstone form a considerable portion, it is 
equally effective as it frees the potash from its 
combinations and renders it soluble. It has 
the same effect upon soils containing insoluble 
phosphoric acid, and releases it from its inert 
condition and makes it available as plant food 
to some extent. There jb no other fertilizer to 
be procured by the fanner so cheaply as lime, 
that is at the same time so effective, or that 
can be so profitably used. 
How to Use it. 
A farmer may use 40 or 50 bushels per acre 
upon his fields every five years with great 
advantage; choosing the time of its application 
when he is preparing to seed down to grass or 
clover along with a wheat crop. Or, be may 
use 25 bushels per acre with benefit when lie is 
plowing for a eorn crop. He must, however, 
bear io mind that lime is, in fact, a key with 
which he opens the storehouse of the fertility 
of his soil, and if he goes therein and draws 
out all the stores and returns nothing, by and 
by the key will be turned only upon an empty 
receptacle: and he may as well then throw it 
away. For every application of lime in the 
rotation there should be one dressing of ma¬ 
nure aud one clover or grass sod plowed under; 
then a farm may be kept growing richer and 
richer, because by such management it will be 
only the surplus fertility which will be made 
available year after year, and only the enor¬ 
mous supplies of inert potash, phosphoric acid, 
and, nitrogen, which any good s*il contains, 
that will be gradually made soluble in advance 
One ton of limestone will yield a little over 
half a ton of burned lime, and one bushel of 
lime weighing 80 pounds, will absorb 20 pounds 
of water in slaking and will swell to more than 
twice its bulk. In the slaking, much beut is 
evolved, sufficient to ignite wood, so that the 
lime should not be thrown against fences or 
left in buildings which might thus beset on fire. 
A Rough Kiln 
may be built, in shape such as is showu in fig. 
8, of ‘‘hard heads” or large cobble-stones, or so- 
called rocks picked from fields, but lime-stone 
should not be used, as it would not stand the 
fire, although for temporary use it will answer 
for three or four burnings when large hlocks 
can be procured. The stones are laid up with 
lime and sand mortar, the inside of the kilu 
being made round and as smooth as possible. 
The kiln is filled with fuel aud limestone as 
already described, but only from the top. It 
is therefore most convenient to build it near a 
bank, or else a stage must be made at the side 
of it. When the kiln is filled, the arch la closed 
up, excepting a Hue hole to regulate the draft; 
when the lime is burned the arch is opened 
and the lime removed through it. 
A Permanent Kiln 
is built of the same general shape, as at fig. 3, 
to select stock, in part to the application of 
the art of putting the animal in fine show con¬ 
dition, and in great part also to the idea pre¬ 
valent as to all articles of use, ornament or in¬ 
struction that anything coining from Europe 
is superior to a similar article of domestic pro¬ 
duction, or at least its foreign birth gives it a 
pronounced eclat. 
THE JERSEYS A3 BUTTER-COWS. 
Nearly all the early treatises which allude to 
the Channel Islands cattle speak of the small 
Alderneys, their high price and their exclusive 
appropriation to the paddocks of gentlemen, 
their gentleness and delicacy of constitution, 
aud it was said that being small iu size, the milk 
they yielded is like wise small in quam i ty, though 
fully in proportion to their bulk in body; yet 
eyeti in those days there were exceptional ani¬ 
mals which gave their sixteen and twenty 
quarts of milk a day, aud many which, taking 
several years together, exceeded in value 
the dairy cows of other breeds which gave 
more than double the quantity of milk at each 
milking, that of the Alderney being so rich in 
cream. 
The Jerseys of the present day all over the 
Uni ted States are not small or ill-formed, but 
larger and much more symmetrical than was 
the average Jersey of twenty years since, the 
production of milk also being greater and the 
yield of butter surprising. In the latter res¬ 
pect the breeders of all other classes of stock, 
and even the ordinary farmers who have con¬ 
tinued to swear by their native cows, arc forced 
to admit that the Jerseys are superior to all 
others. In tho Scientific Farmer, edited by 
Dr. Sturtcvant, a noted Ayrshire breeder, it is 
stated editorially that “ the evidence we have 
indicates that the Jersey cow is a larger milker 
than (he native cow on an average” and in¬ 
stances arc cited of uiue to teu thousand 
pounds of milk from several Jersey heifers 
respectively in one year. The National Live 
Stock Journal for April, 1878, summed up the 
yield ot ft3 Jersey cows, which showed an aver¬ 
age of 395 pounds of butlur per year. Motley’s 
I Iora gave 511 pounds aud 3 ounces in one 
year. Pansy (1019) 572 pounds in twelve 
months. A Philadelphia herd of 1.7 cows aver¬ 
aged 255 pounds each for tho year 187li. Mr. 
Mackic’a herd of 15 cows gave an average of 
‘ p<5. 2. 
Secton of Pit showtno layers of Fuel 
and Stone. 
but more carefully, and is lined with good hard 
brick or with fire brick laid in fire-clay. Strong 
iron grate-bars are also built in over the arch 
and a fire-place is made in which fuel may be 
put to assist the burning. A kilu is best 
adapted for the use of fine slack coal a 9 the 
main fuel, wood being used in tho fire-place 
under the grate-bars. The bars are made so 
that they can be withdrawn when the lime is 
burned and so let the lime down into the arch 
lrom which it is removed. A permanent kiln 
is best made in a hilt side so that the fuel and 
stone may be hauled up easily aud dumped 
where they arc wanted, from tip-carts. Lime 
may be burned in a pit for less than five cents a 
bushel when labor and material are paid for, 
and iu permanent kilns the burning pays a 
good profit at ten cents a bushel. 
certain ‘gr,.zatl«it bull’ in Jacob's herd. Unfor¬ 
tunately tor this theory the ordiuary editions 
of Sacred History speak of these early agri- 
culturists as breeders of sheep and goats only 
iu connection with the production of speckled 
and spotted animals, aud do not mention the 
supposed ancestor of the Jerseys, the ‘Grizzled 
Bull!’ Tim more reliable theory is that, as the 
Jersey and Alderney cattle have a resemblance 
to certain breeds of Norway, Scandinavian 
cattle were introduced into the islands in the 
intercourse with the North which followed the 
subjugation of Nonnaudy aud its dependen¬ 
cies. 
It is a singular fact that on this little islaud, 
not larger than Staten Island, New* York, there 
is a marked difference between the cattle of 
the eastern and western districts, those of the 
side most exposed to the winds and saline 
moisture being small, tine-limbed and hardy: 
while those of the other side, which is more 
sheltered, finding a richer pasture, become 
larger in carcass aud, some think, handsomer 
than the others. Col. Waring, editor of the 
American Jersey Herd Register, who visited 
the island for the second time last summer, 
noted another distinction—the northern and 
western parishes are giving themselves much 
more decidedly to the breeding for solid color, 
black switches, etc., than the southeastern 
parishes. And he says further that though 
breeding for fancy colors is condemned almost 
universally on the island as deteriorating the 
race of cattle, yet it has takeu a strong hold of 
the majority of the large breeders, aud will be 
practiced so long as the English are willing to 
pay the present high prices for fancy-colored 
animals. It is, perhaps, here that we shall be 
able to compete .successfully with the islanders 
iu breeding their especial stock, for we cannot 
hope to excel them in the dainty care bestowed 
upon their cattle, or iu the little jocky prepa¬ 
rations for market, Jor each beast is as tenderly 
treated as the Alderney of Miss Barker of 
Cranford, which, after being denuded of its 
hair by a fall into a lithepit, was clothed in 
gray llunnel aud watched over by all the town. 
But in breeding so much to faucy points, the 
real merits will be neglected, and by pursuing 
these, the breeder iu the United States will 
w.u a superiority over all others iu the pro¬ 
duction ot profitable Jerseys. Indeed it is eveu 
claimed by recent visitors to the island that as 
good animals can now he procured here as 
there. The importations into the United States 
by the Fowlers aud others command, on the 
average, higher prices than are obtained by 
breeders here, owing in part to the opportunity 
those Importers have, by being on the grouud, 
THE JERSEY COW 
K. GOODMAN 
Jerseys and Guernseys. 
The Channel Islands cattle were formerly 
known as Alderneys and Guernseys, but the 
exportation from the island of Alderney is so 
small each year and that from Jersey so large 
aud the breeds of both islands are so similar 
in every respect.that the animals from the two 
last-named islands are classed in America as 
Jerseys, aud we know here of but two breeds 
imported from tho Channel Islands, to wit: 
Jerseys anti Guernseys. 
lliese are distinct from each other iu every¬ 
thing but quality aud production of butter, 
and those not familiar with either race can 
easily distinguish the Jersey by its black nose 
and a white or light-colored hand around the 
muzzle, the Guernsey having, almost invaria¬ 
bly. a rich yellow or half uoae. This elianc- 
p<3- li 
Foundation for a Lime Pit. 
so as to form Hues by which the pit is set on 
fire and is ventilated during the burning. The 
pit is built up of alternate layers of wood or 
small coal and broken limestone, a sort of 
chimney having been left iu the center. The 
outside is laid up carefully and when the whole 
is built up in a couical form, the outside Is well 
plastered over with clay mud. The form of 
the pit is showu in section at fig. 2. Fire is 
then applied to the flues, which, as well as the 
chimney, should be filled with light-wood. The 
rest ot the fuel may be rough wood, chips from 
choppings, or brushwood. The lire should be 
kept down and burning slowly by plastering 
up all the cracks, as these may form in the 
walls owing to the settling of the mass, or by 
thrusting into them sods or pieces of limestone 
and covering these witli clay mud. When the 
fire is well started, the flues should be filled Up 
with fresh wood, pushing this in as far as pos¬ 
sible and then elosing the mouths with stone 
aud clay. Iu about 72 hours the burn will be 
complete, aud when the whole mass is red-hot, 
it may be left to burn without further attention! 
excepting to punch it well together and fill up 
any openings by which air will enter so fresh as 
to cool the lime too soon. After three days, the 
lime will begin to cool and the pit maybe 
opened. The tmburnud pieces of stone on the 
outside may he kept for auothor burning and 
the perfect lime may be theu taken out for use. 
It is now quick or caustic lime, aud if the 
stone is pure and free from quartz rock it may 
be used for mason-wotk as well as for the field, 
to use it, it should be thrown in heaps of two 
oi three bushels and kept exposed to the weath¬ 
er or to one or two showers of rain by which it 
w be slaked and fall to a fine,, dry powder; 
when it should he spread at once upon the land. 
A Lime Kiln. 
latter are bred, the Guernsey is tabooed—not 
allowed to be imported within its limits or ex¬ 
hibited at the cattle-show fairs, and, iu fact, 
there are but a dozen or so Guernseys on the 
Island of Jersey. 
THE JERSEY 3 HOME AND HER TREATMENT 
THERE. 
This Island is one of the group of beautiful 
islands pertaining to the British Crown which 
