THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
which inquirers have felt, compelled to resort 
to the law of specific heat, as referred to above. 
They stumbled upon it, they stumbled over it, 
and some have uow stumbled through it, and 
admit their mistake, but are still at a loss to 
account lor a mystery that, rightly looked 
at, is 
Aio Mystery at all. 
Cold setting is effective, not because it is 
cold setting, but because it is setting at a fixed 
and uniform temperature. When t he tenipora- 
ture of a fluid is continually varying, that fluid 
is permeated by currents. The warmer parti¬ 
cles are rising to the 
top, and the colder 
particles falling down¬ 
wards. Changes in 
the air or other sur¬ 
rounding medium, are 
communicated to the 
fluid through the walls 
of its containing ves¬ 
sel audits exposed up¬ 
per surface, so that as 
long as these external 
changes of tempera¬ 
ture are occurring, 
the currents are con¬ 
tinued. iu uiilk, wheu 
these currents are pro¬ 
duced. the globules of 
the cream are carried 
along by them, going 
up and down, aiui 
only gaining the pow¬ 
er to remain at the top 
as they occasionally 
coalesce in like mass¬ 
es, and thus obtain 
sufficient floating 
power to remain at 
the surface after reach¬ 
ing it in the course 
of the curreut. That 
merely 
Making Milk Cold 
throws up the cream, 
is an error refuted by 
the experience of ev¬ 
ery dairyman, iu win¬ 
ter. for he fluds that iu 
ordinary pans ex¬ 
posed to the air, the 
cream rises with great difficulty and very 
slowly, at that season. In cold milk the glo¬ 
bules do not coalesce or gather iu masses, and 
consequently the lively curreuts iuduced by the 
great variations of temperature in the house '.it 
that seasou, make the separation of the cream 
from the milk u very siow process. To hasten 
this, scalding is resorted to ; and why ? Not 
because, as some think, the sudden reduction 
of heat after scalding tbrorvs up the cream un¬ 
der the law specific of heat (.for that, as t have 
explained, works the other way), but because 
scalding favors the agglomeration and even the 
actual union of the globules, and thus greatly 
increases their floating power, us soon as the 
stronger currents abate. 
Carefully Conducted Experiments 
have shown me that where one unvarying 
temperature is maintained, there is uo notice¬ 
able difference in the time lukcu by the cream 
to rise, whether that temperature be 130 deg.. 
40 deg., or auy intermediate degree. Some 
other recent experiments ulso prove that while 
scaldiug hastens the rising of cream upon milk 
in small pans during cold weather, yet the 
cream does not beyin to rise so quickly iu the 
scalded milk as in a pan from the same mess 
set iu a warm room. While the currents are 
strong in the milk, as they are while heating 
and cooling, the cream rises slowly, but when 
the scalded milk falls near to the temperature 
of the eurrouuding air the currents become 
sluggish, and the cream is thrown up almost 
at ouce. 
The Uni l inform Temperature. 
A uniform temperature is the chief requi¬ 
site lor rapid cream separation, yet while 
cream will rise with equal promptness at any 
uniform temperature between scalding and 
freezing, there are questions of convenience 
and economy which must be considered in 
Axing the one that will be most available iu 
piaetice. fee or iced water, in dosed chests or 
tanks, furnishes probably' the most convenient, 
h not the cheapest means of securing a per¬ 
manently uuiform temperature iu which to set 
milk for cream. It also, by keeping tbe milk 
cold, preserves it iu perfect condition for sule 
skimmed, or for making it into cheese. These 
objects will cause Ice to be generally used. 
But I am experimentally assured that cans of 
milk, set in u closed tauk supplied with water 
at a perfectly uniform temperature (be that 
temperature 130 deg., or 40 deg., or anything 
between), will throw up all their cream inside 
01 twelvc hours. The sole aud only point to be 
observed, is the entire abolition of currents iu 
the milk, by the preservation of uu absolutely 
uuiform temperature. 
—-- ♦- 
The Lbeameky System is rapidly extend- 
mt,, judging by the large uumber of notices 
ot new creameries in our exchanges. 
®jjx Ufrirsman. 
HOLSTEINS. 
WING B. SMITH. 
Their Antiquity. 
TnE dairy aud farm iuterests of this country- 
demand a milch cow better adapted to their 
needs than those that now fill the stables and 
graze upon the pastures of the ordinary dairy¬ 
man or farmer, and with this point iu view 
cattle breeders have been endeavoring, through 
52 2-10 pounds for 85 days. .Johanna, imported 
in 1878, calved July 23d, 1878, and averaged 72 
pounds of milk per day during last week in 
August; largest yield in one day, 78 pounds. 
Gentle Annie has had three calves, her first at 
23 mouths old, and has consequently been in 
milk three continuous years, during which 
time she has given 20,860 pounds 14 ounces of 
milk, or an average of 8,713} pounds per year, 
for the three years iu milk commencing at two 
years old. Jufrau lias completed her third 
continuous and consecutive year at 11,680 
pounds per year. Janeka her fourth year at 
an average of 10,000 pounds per year. Lady 
Ol.D-FASUIONED SaP-UOILING 
importation and careful and scientific breeding, 
to procure or produce a breed of cattle with 
the requisite characteristics developed to such 
a degree as to satisfy the reasonable demands 
of both the farmer and dairyman. The re¬ 
sults of the efforts in this direction are desig¬ 
nated by many names, are of a variety of 
forms, sizes and colors, but usually carry to a 
more or less marked degree the points general¬ 
ly conceded to be favorable in the make-up of 
a superior milch cow ; and without intending 
to disparage other breeds, 1 desire to call at¬ 
tention to a breed of cattle that for upwards of 
two thousaud years have been bred in their na¬ 
tive country, with a view to a practical com¬ 
bination of the milk-and flesh-producing qual¬ 
ities of the animal. 
Grazing upon the meadows of Holland cau 
be seen great numbers of cattle, large, finely- 
formed, wonderfully symmetrical, fully de¬ 
veloped, uniform iu color and general appear¬ 
ance, with a remarkable development of tbe 
milk-producing organs whose yield at the pail 
fully realizes tbe promises of their develop¬ 
ment. 
Some of the choicest of these animals have 
been imported into this country, and they, 
with their descendants, constitute tbe Holsteiu 
breed of cattle of the United States. It must 
be borne in mind, therefore, that the Holsteius 
are uot an experiment either iu Hollund or in 
this country, having beeu known here since 
1852. No other breed known to us can so directly 
trace their lineage back for so niauy centuries. 
Milk Records. 
Americans, tired of humbugs, demand more 
than unreliable statements, surmises aud esti¬ 
mates, aud insist upon facts iu the form of re¬ 
ports aud records fully substantiated by unques¬ 
tionable proofs, coming from persons well 
known, and consisting of weights, measure¬ 
ments, tests, etc., aud these I will now give iu 
proof of the correctness of my statements. The 
most essential quality In a cow for the dairy or 
farm, lies iuhor capacity for giving a large yield 
of milk. Now I unhesitatingly ussert, that the 
Iiolsteius as a breed, are the most abuudaut 
milkers known. In proof of this statement, I 
place before Rukal readers the following 
records selected from among the very many 
now iu my possession, mauy of which have 
been furnished me by proinineut and trust¬ 
worthy breeders and owners, embracing aui- 
mals of almost every important herd of Hoi- 
steins in this country: 
Crown Princess's largest daily yield is 76 
pouuds of milk : and largest yearly yield 14,027 
pouuds. Topsy produced 40} pouuds of milk 
iu a day, before she was two years old. Maid 
oi'Twerk, in 286 days or 9 mouths and 10 days, 
gave 11,618 pounds of milk, an average of 
40 6-10 per day. Her largest yield was 71} 
pounds of milk in u day. Verta averaged 
-Fig. 2. (.See first cage.) 
Clifeden (Imported October, 1874,) calved Feb¬ 
ruary 1st, 1S75, gave 2,093 pounds of milk in 
March, uu average of 67 16-31 pounds per day. 
Record for 362 days, 16,274 pounds or 7,745 
quarts of milk, an average of 21 143-302 quarts 
per day : largest yield in a day, 75 pounds. 
Maid Marion (Imported) gave 21 quarts per 
day for six weeks : she gave 11,112 pounds in 
365 days. Lady Audover gave, from October 
1st, 1876. to June 1st, 1877, 9,85*3 pounds, an 
average of 35 67-91 pounds per day. Zwaau 
gave 12.009} pounds of milk in a year. Astrea, 
tdght years old. gave 80 pounds per day for 
10 days. Maid of Twisk, five years old, gave 
in 303 days 12,5931, an average of 47 7-16 
pounds. The next year she gave 14,312 pounds, 
au average of 44 pounds 7 ounces : her largest 
yield was 901 pounds in a day. Jaeoba Har- 
tog, two years old, in 3,58 days gave 10,430} 
pounds, an average of 29 7-16 pounds per day. 
Sitjtje Blecker, two years old, iu 365 days gave 
10,71pounds, au average of 29} pounds per 
day. Neilija Korndyke, two years old, iu 365 
days gave 9.932} pounds of milk. Maid of 
Twisk averaged for 30 days, 73 1-6 pouuds of 
milk a day. 
The cow, Eva, for three consecutive months 
averaged forty-two quarts of milk a day ; this 
was iu the months of September, October and 
November, and during the following live 
months she averaged thirty quarts daily, mak¬ 
ing 8,352 quarts of milk in eight mouths. Eva 
2d, at two years and six mouths old, with her 
first call, gave au average of twenty quarts of 
milk a day for six mouths. Three mouth's 
after droppiug her second calf, she gave 
twenty-eight quarts of milk a day. Iu a herd 
of fourteen fully matured cows, not one of the 
fourteen will give less than sixty pouuds of 
milk a day wheu iu lull flow. 
Butter Records, 
As to quality of the milk, we believe it is uni¬ 
versally conceded that the butter aud cheese 
of Holland are rarely excelled, and to the 
breeder or dairyman another vital point is the 
quautity o( butter given. Records prove more 
than mere statements. Maid of Twisk gave 
14,312 pounds of milk in a year; actual experi¬ 
ment proved that 20} pouuds of milk made one 
pound of butter, which gives 706} pounds of 
butter in one year. 
Snow Flake, two aud a half years old, gave 
10 pouuds iu a week. Toxelaar produced 17 
pouuds 14 ouuees of butter from cream of six 
days' milking. Tcxelaar 9th produced 12} 
pouuds per week, aud her daughter 14 pounds 
of butter in a week. 
Sixty-eight pounds of milk takeu from two 
cows (Maid and Jaeoba) were set aside, the 
cream takeu off wheu milk was sour aud 
churned by itself iu a common ** dasher " churn, 
with the following result: three and a half 
pounds of butter to 68 pounds of milk, or one 
pound of butter to 19 3-7 pounds of milk ; but¬ 
ter was weighed before salting aud milk thor¬ 
oughly washed from tbe same. From the daily 
milkings of Eva three pounds of butter were 
made for long periods. To prove the import¬ 
ance of Holland as a dairy country, let me 
state that one small province of that country 
exports nearly 5,000,000 pounds of butter an¬ 
nually to the markets of Continental Europe 
and the British Isles. Holland exports annu¬ 
ally 32,000,000 pouuds of butter and 61,000,000 
pouuds of cheese, which for so small a country 
is truly remarkable. * 
Flesh-forming Capac¬ 
ity. 
The next most prom¬ 
inent feature of these 
cattle, and oue of 
great importance to 
the breeder, is the 
readiness with which 
they tak? on flesh, aud 
its quality. Experi¬ 
ments without uumber 
have proved that IIol- 
sleins take on more 
flesh with, the same 
food than any other 
breed of correspond¬ 
ing weight. 
Comparative Milk 
Record**. 
Professor Lehmann, 
in charge of the ex¬ 
perimental agricultu¬ 
ral station at Pomme- 
ritz, selected from 
both Short-lioru and 
Holland races cows 
that had passed their 
sixth year, hot which 
were uot so old that 
their age affected the 
Uow of milk. The 
experiment of milking 
commenced July 31. 
1866, and terminated 
July 80, 1807, occupy¬ 
ing precisely 365days; 
during which time 
there were yielded by 
four Short-horns 27,- 
240 pounds of milk, or 
an average of 6,801 pounds per cow, while 
four Hollanders yielded 82.136 pouuds, or 
au average yield of 8,084 pounds per cow. 
Highest yield by Short-horns. 7,648 pounds; 
highest yield by Hollanders, 9,411 pounds. 
The same food, keeping, care and surround¬ 
ings, which in the Short-horns produced 100 
pounds of milk, produced 118 4-10 pounds in 
Hollanders, or fully 18 per cent, in favor of 
the latter as milk-producers. 
At the Agricultural Academy at Eldena, many 
experiments wore made in feeding and milking 
cows, etc., and very precise accounts were 
kept of the product of every cow, as well as of 
the expense of keeping her.- and it was found 
that three Ayrshire cows averaged 2,247 quarts 
of milk per cow. while twenty-two Holland 
cows averaged 4,437 quarts per cow. Highest 
yield by Ayrshires, was 3.81L quarts; highest 
yield by ilollauders, 5,077 quarts. The Holland¬ 
er consumed about five pounds of hay or the 
equivalent, to every quart of milk yielded, the 
Ayrshire nine pounds of hay to every quart of 
milk. Oue other experiment conducted by 
Villeroy, resulted in showing that 100 pounds 
ot hay produced in Hollanders 28,92 quarts of 
milk, iu Devons 19.18 quarts and iu Herefords 
15.97 quarts. Barou Ockle, in Fraukenfelde, 
made a comparative experiment with Ayr- 
sbircs and Hollanders, the average weight of 
the Ayrshires being 806 pounds, that of the 
Hollanders, 1,016 pouuds. The experiment 
showed that the Ayrshires consumed 33.10 
pouuds of hay for every 100 pouuds of live- 
weight. while Hollanders consumed 28.10 only. 
Records of Live-Weights. 
i have claimed for this breed of cattle a place 
amoug the beef animals, and would sustain 
my position by offering the following actual 
weights : 
Bull, tth Hitdilnud Chief. 3,700 lbs. 
First Consul..,.., 2,120 “ 
Dectutor...2,140 “ 
Dude Toni, at 20 mouths. 1,525 “ 
Flien, 2 years. 1 U 22 •* 
Chieftain, 21 month*. 1,135 “ 
W lid Eyes, 11 months. tco “ 
Calf, Pedro, S months .. 550 “ 
Cow, Virginia, 6 years. 1,095 •* 
Finesse, H years. 1,625 “ 
Lady TV.xal, 0 years. 1,780 “ 
Lady clifetfon,» years. t,dso “ 
I.avtna. . 1,500 “ 
Isis, 4 years.. l,61u « 
Mary. 1,300 •* 
“ Aaltje Ue.iiicuveld, r, years.t.aao “ 
Heifer, Mabel, 3 j cars, to months.. 1,400 •* 
Minute Winkle, 3 years, lu mos 1,320 “ 
Aa«ie Herhuc, 3 years. 1,112 " 
Altonin. 3 years. .1.174 “ 
Meilta, 21 months. j ’010 “ 
Calf, Anna, 11 mouths... 770 •• 
Jenny. 11 mouths. ukl •* 
Sappho, low months.. 700 “ 
The above cows were all in milk at time of 
weighing, and not iu extra flesh, and had they 
not been in milk at the time of weighing they 
would have weighed very much more. I could 
extend this list indefinitely, hut space does not 
permit. 
Adaptability to Environment. 
Holsteius have now been introduced into 
many of our States, and, without reference to 
