THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
compiled from a very valuable and interesting 
article on present British agriculture by John 
Algernon Clarke, in volume XIV. of the Jour¬ 
nal of the Royal Agricultural Society of Eng¬ 
land, in which the expenditure per acre for 
manures and fodder is given for several large 
farms. 
For 
Manures. 
For 
Feeding-Stuffs. 
Total. 
1. 
i.60 
16.50 
16.50 
2. 
2.15 
3.65 
3. 
2.60 
8.60 
11.50 
4. 
3.20 
11.10 
14.30 
5. 
1.75 
6.00 
6.76 
6. 
11.10 
11.10 
7. 
3.60 
3.50 
7.00 
8. 
2.00 
10,20 
12.20 
9. 
10. 
15.00 
15.00 
2.(Xi 
8.50 
10.50 
ii. 
2.00 
10.00 
12.00 
12. 
11.50 
11.50 
13. 
.50 
4.60 
6.00 
14. 
6.00 
6.(10 
15. 
2. iii 
4.00 
6.10 
16. 
3.00 
14.00 
17.00 
Mean. 
OC 
ci 
8.78 
10.96 
On one of these farms, with 180 acres of 
arable land and 240 acres of pasture, $7,000 
are expended annually for feeding-stuffs; on 
another estate, with 820 acres of arable land 
and 70 of pasture, the annual outlay for oil¬ 
cake is $0,000 ; on another farm over 300 tons 
of oil-cake uro consumed annually. 
This purchased fodder consists mostly of 
oil-cake, with some grain, although in some 
instances more grain than cake is purchased. 
The use of oil-cake in Great Britain has in¬ 
creased rapidly within the last few years. In 
the first five months of 1873, 57,108 tons were 
imported, and in the corresponding portion of 
1875, 91,000 tons. In 1878. 201,300 tons of im¬ 
ported cake were used for fodder, besides the 
large quantity made in the country from im¬ 
ported seed. 
The cake that is used in England is made 
from linseed, rape seed and cotton seed, and 
it is the use of the last-mentioned kind of cake, 
especially, that Is increasing so rapidly; the 
quautity of it imported in 1878 was one-third 
greater than that of 1877. We ourselves send 
across the water large quantities of both 
linseed aud cotton-seed cake ; the value of the 
cake exported during the last fiscal year is 
stated to exceed $5,000,000. 
In the following table the composition of 
several varieties of oil-cake is given, including 
the results of some recent analyses. 
I. Rape cake, ordinary composition as used 
in Germany. 
II. Linseed cake, ditto. 
III. American linseed cake iu England in 
1873. 
IV. English cake, ditto, eleven samples. 
V. Peanut cake, average of 23 analyses in 
Germany, 1877. 
VI. Cotton-seed cake, not decorticated, man¬ 
ufactured by a French firm in Marseilles, that 
turns out 150,000 tons per annum. 
VII. Cotton seed cake, decorticated. 
Water. 
__ 
Albumi¬ 
noids. 
.. . 
Fat. 
Carbhy- 
drates, 
etc. 
1 
Ash. 
I. 
11.3 
31.6 
9.66 
29.4 
11.0 
7.1 
II. 
12.2 
29.5 
9.88 
29.9 
9.7 
8.9 
III. 
11.0 
27.0 
11.8 
30.6 
12.7 
7.0 
IV. 
12.6 
29.1 
12.6 
26.4 
13.1 
6.3 
V. 
11.6 
45.8 
7.0 
27.2 
3.6 
4.8 
Vi. 
13. 
24.3 
5.0 
31.6 
22.6 
5.6 
VII. 
11.2 
38.6 
13.7 
19.4 
H 
7.6 
Of all these varieties of oil-cake, the peanut 
or ground-nut cake, with its very large albumi¬ 
noids, its fair proportion of fat, and very small 
per cent of useless fiber and ash, may justly 
be ranked first in respect to value, and next to 
that comes the cotton-seed cake with its large 
proportion of both albuminoids aud fat. The 
peanut cake, is prepared from the kernels 
alone; it is claimed that the butter from the 
milk of cows fed with it, is only entirely free 
from any bad flavor, but is of a superior qual¬ 
ity, while rape cake communicates a bitter 
taste to the butter. Ground-nut cake made 
from the whole nut, shell and kernel, is, like 
cake made from whole cotton seed, inferior to 
that made from the kernel alone, and is used 
to some extent in England for the adulteration 
of linseed cake. 
Cotton-seed cake, also, communicates no bad 
flavor to the milk or butter, and it is consider¬ 
ed iu England the cheapest kind of concen¬ 
trated food for fattening animals. A writer in 
a recent number of a French agricultural jour¬ 
nal, comparing the cost of albuminoids in dif¬ 
ferent kiuds of concentrated fodder as sold in 
France, estimates that, calling the cost of a 
pound of albuminoids In cotton seed cake 100, 
its cost iu linseed cake would be 170, in Indian 
corn 350, aud iu barley 380. 
Even he that runs may read a useful lesson 
from these facts and figures. The much great¬ 
er prominence given to the purchase of feed¬ 
ing stuffs than to concentrated manures in 
England, where some of the mostcareful farm¬ 
ing in the world is practiced, and where com¬ 
mercial fertilizers can be had that are general¬ 
ly of a better quality than we can usually get 
in this country; the abundance of material, 
cotton seed and peanuts, in our own country 
for the manufacture of the two best and cheap¬ 
est kinds of oil-cake; the greater cheapness of 
albuminoids, the most important constituent 
of concentrated fodder, in oil-cake as compared 
with grain; all these considerations taken to¬ 
gether with that of our large exportations of 
oil-cake, unite in indicating that American 
farmers do not make the best nso of all the re¬ 
sources within their reach. Wc should send to 
other countries less of crude products and more 
of manufactured products; these abundant 
supplies of coucentrutod fodder should be more 
largely worked upintomeat, butler and cheese, 
and, through the manure produced, into wheat, 
and these should be exported instead of the 
fodder itself. 
-- 
EVERY-DAY NOTES. 
Late Spring Planting. 
A date spring, like the present one, causes 
many expressions of alarm lest there be insuf¬ 
ficient time left to plant the lawn after snow 
and frost have gone. There is, however, much 
less danger in thus planting late than is gener¬ 
ally supposed. If only thrifty shrubs and trees 
arc used abounding in fibrous roots, little 
danger of failure need be apprehended, if the 
roots are moistened and protected at once after 
digging, One sees not unfrequcntly much use¬ 
less care—in the way of watering, etc.—ex¬ 
pended on plauts that have already received 
their death-blow under exposure to sun and 
wind. As a rule, superficial watering helps 
the plant but little, alter it has been once set 
out. Indeed, unless applied in enormous quan¬ 
tities, evaporation in the open air soon dissi¬ 
pates the effects of water. The advice to buy 
only young plants is almost as old as the hills, 
and applies specially to late spring planting. 
^ et the temptation to obtain a large tree in a 
short time overcomes us continually. Each 
hopes to be the favored one who will succeed 
iu making such a tree grow, forgetting that 
if it does grow, it will hardly ever equal iu 
perfect development a plant of more plastic 
nature. 
The Host Time to Transplant Magnolias. 
There exists a common impression even 
among experts, that Magnolias should be trans¬ 
planted as early as possible iu the spring. The 
experience, however, of those whose experi¬ 
ence has been most extended, teaehes just the 
contrary. In fact, a Magnolia should not be 
transplanted until the leaves begin to show 
signs of pushing out, which, in the case of 
Chinese Magnolias, is while the flower is iu lull 
bloom. There is a sluggishness in the spongy 
texture of the Magnolia roots, which, like that 
of the roots of evergreens, ueeds warming up 
before transplanting can be attempted with 
the greatest certainty of success. 
Late Pruning. 
“ Better late than never ” applies to pruning 
with at least as much force as to anything else. 
Wood full of sap will, of course, bleed a little 
after the use of the knife; but it soon heals 
and, in any case, acquires less deformity than 
it would if loft over the season without prun¬ 
ing. To neglect hard-wood pruning, therefore, 
entirely daring the spring, is mere unnecessary 
procrastination, and cannot be excused on the 
plea that it was forgotten until too late. Sum¬ 
mer pruning is another thing, aud should not 
be done iu the hard-wood, but converted rather 
into a system of pinching back excessive soft 
growth. S. Parsons. 
-♦- 
WHAT OTHERS SAY. 
An Improved Method of Striking Cut¬ 
tings.— A short notice has appeared in a St. 
Petersburg journal, says Mr. Hcuslow in the 
London Chronicle, o£ my paper on the absorp¬ 
tion of water by the green parts of plants; 
and it appears to have suggested to Mr. G. 
Weidenborg a method of striking cuttings. 
After inferring that the frequent fadiug of 
cuttings, before they have struck root may be 
accounted for by a too great transpiration, 
ho proposes making the cuttings longer than 
usual, and burying some of the leaves us well 
as the stalk, so that about a third remain 
above out of the earth. Those leaves iu the 
ground may thus undertake the function 
of absorbing moisture, and so help to balance 
the loss of water from the exposed leaves. 
The ground, he adds, in which cuttings stand 
should be, if possible, porous, iu order that 
the air may have access, aud that the rotting 
of the leaves muy be prevented. This pro¬ 
cess ouables the cutting to make roots before 
the leaves decay. Wcidenbcrg appears to 
have found that Roses of all sorts, Piuks, 
and other cuttings of plants thus made very 
good roots, which are usually hard to grow. 
In my paper I only alluded to cut flowers hav¬ 
ing leaves attached to the stalk and plunged 
into water,.but the principle is the same as 
for striking cuttings, and it is so easy to try 
that gardeners can readily put it to the test 
and see if their results will accord with Weid- 
enborg’s experience." 
Sure Death to Moths —We find the fol¬ 
lowing in the N. Y. Tribune: A set of furni¬ 
ture is mentioned iu Massachusetts papers that 
became infested with hundreds of moths. The 
seven pieces were put in a room by themselves, 
and three gallons of benzine, costing 90 cents, 
thrown over them, out of a small watering-pot 
with a fine rose, “ saturating them through 
and through.” In a few hours they wore dry ; 
all odor disappeared in three or four days; no 
injury was dono to varnish, wood, fabric or 
hair-stuffing, and now, months after, not a 
sign of moths has since been seen. The carpet 
was also sprinkled all around the sides of the 
room with equally good effect. This is said to 
be "a sort of trade secret among upholsters.” 
The buhrs, when faced and operated as di¬ 
rected, are so true, it is claimed, that they 
will run to within a thousandth part of an 
inch and not touch, and as the French buhr 
stoue used in their construction is of a special 
quality uot liable to glaze or get smooth, they 
will retain their sharpness a very long time, 
and upon wheat or middlings do as nice flour¬ 
ing as any other mill. 
The Future of the Home Dairies.—B. F. 
J. concludes an article in the Country Gentle¬ 
man thus: “As an illustration of what is 
meant, let us take the butter and cheese indus¬ 
tries of the country. If we look at the matter 
closely, we shall see the time is rapidly ap¬ 
proaching when the practice of the home man¬ 
ufacture of butter and cheese will have been 
abandoned as completely as that of woolen or 
cotton cloth, and the farmer will sell his milk, 
as he sells his wool, and perhaps buy butter 
and cheese as he now buys cloth aud yarn.” 
--- 
CATALOGUES, Ac., RECEIVED. 
Diseases of Live Stock and their most 
efficient remedies, including horses, cattle, 
sheep and swine. This work, of 469 pages, 
is a popular treatise giving in brief aud plain 
language a description of the diseases com¬ 
mon among stock aud the treatment therefor, 
culled from the works of the best American, 
English and Europeans veterinarians, together 
with a great deal of miscellaneous veterinary 
information of use to stock-owners. Every 
farmer’s library should contain a reliable 
work on the diseases of stock, to whose lucid 
description and prescriptions he can at once 
refer on first appearance of any ailment 
among his stock. The present compilation is 
the work of L. V. Tellor, M. D., and sold only 
by subscription at $2.50 per copy. Philadel¬ 
phia, N. C. Watts & Co. 
Jnhsirial fnqilrarnts. 
PULLIAM'S BOLSTER SPRING. 
But one size of this mill is being manufac¬ 
tured, the stones of which arc twenty inches 
in diameter. The improved si lout-feed attach¬ 
ment is provided and used with this mill, as 
shown in the engraving; aud iu fact each and 
every^ feature and detail requisite for the at¬ 
tainment of the best and most satisfactory 
results, in the smallest possible compass and 
at least expense for first cost and maintenance, 
has received the careful attention of, and been 
adopted by the manufacturers. 
For particulars and special information we 
refer our readers to the firm, as above. 
The bolster spring is an invention of decided 
merit and usefulness. It adjusts itself to heavy 
and light loads, and under each condition 
meets the requirements demanded of a good 
spring. It is particularly adapted to farm and 
lumber wagons of uny size. Its attachment is 
simple, being fastened to the bed with four 
bolts—and the spring goes with the bed when 
the latter is lifted off. An over-load or sudden 
jolt will bring the bed down to a re6l on the 
bolster, and this not being the full tension of 
the spring, it may be surmised how very diffi¬ 
cult it would be to break it. Indeed, the 
spring cannot be strained to its fullest tension. 
Its application to a wagon saves wear aud 
tear of the running gears, does away with the 
necessity of a spring seat aud makes an ordi¬ 
nary heavy wagon ride as easily and comfort¬ 
ably as a light conveyance. They range in 
capacity from 2000 to 3500 pounds and are 
made of oil-tempered steel, and warranted. It 
is some time since our attention bus been 
called to an improvement of this kind that 
has so many excellent features. Those of 
our readors who have a prejudice for working 
as comfortably as circumstances will permit 
should write for the circulars with which we 
have been favored. They show the application 
of the bolster spring much more satisfactorily 
than can be indicated in a brief mention. The 
makers are Semple. Birge it Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
THE “ NEW ERA ” PORTABLE MILL. 
We illustrate herewith the twenty-inch mill, 
“ New Era,” which the Nordyke & Murmon 
Co., of Indianapolis, Iud., have lately per¬ 
fected. 
Careful study and experiment iu the prem¬ 
ises have led them to design the mill represented 
by our engraving, and to adopt for the same 
a quality of French bubr-stone which they im¬ 
port expressly for the purpose. This mill is 
placed in an iron hurst frame, and every part 
so accurately fitted that should the material 
be exhausted from the hopper, the mill will 
continue to run without detriment, even though 
empty. As ail of the material entering into 
construction of this mill—with the exception 
of the stones—is either iron or steel, and every 
pari- accurately and perfectly adjusted anil 
balanced, the utmost steadiness of motion aud 
durability are thereby attained. As the bear¬ 
ings arc perfectly fitted, and all provided with 
suitable receivers from which oil is at all times 
supplied to them while in motiou, the utmost 
lightness of running is attained, and the stones 
being of equal thickness and in perfect run¬ 
ning balance, insures against all trouble from 
that source. 
In flouring middlings, wheat or grinding corn 
on this mill it is only necessary to keep the fur¬ 
rows and faces straight and follow the special 
instructions sent with each mill; the instruc¬ 
tions having been carefully prepared for the 
particular material to be treated in each case. 
THE OLIVER PLOW. 
Tiie success of this plow has been an event 
in the annals of farm implements. During a 
period covering only nine years, there have 
bceu made and sold over 250,000 plows, and to¬ 
day the works cover h larger area than any 
other establishment of the kind in the world, 
we.bolieve, devoted to a like purpose. This 
result has bc«u attained by introducing a new 
feature in the manufacture—chilled metal— 
and giviug the most careful attention to the 
design aud construction of the implement! 
The managers arc idealists on the question of 
plows and constantly strive after perfection. 
We are glad to be able to say this, as it is only 
meet that the most important interest of onr 
country—farming—should be supplied with 
the most effective tools. The Oliver Chilled 
Plow Works, South Bend, Iud.. will send, on 
application, a description of their process of 
chilling metal which is interesting of itself. 
Among the many new mowers of this season, 
the “ Pennsylvania," made by Lloyd, Snpplee. 
& Walton, Philadelphia, Pa., commaudsatten¬ 
tion. It has lightuess combined with strength, 
is easily adjusted, not Likely to clog in any 
kind of grass, and is very handsome. The cut¬ 
ters are all steel, bent and tempered iu dyes 
under hydraulic pressure, giving a true and 
uniform curve. The circular scut out by the 
makers, is almost pretty enough to be framed, 
and in it will be found particulars. 
- ♦♦♦ -- 
The Penn. Agricultural Works at York. Pa., 
are under extraordinary pressure this season, 
so it is reported. They have not as yet caught 
np with the orders booked, and have been 
working over time. Mr. Farqubar, the pro¬ 
prietor, has been very successful in devising 
machinery that meets with popular approval. 
The many inquiries we have had for light 
thrashing machinery, might well be directed 
to this firm. The catalogue issued this season 
is extensive and complete. 
- - - » »♦ 
The Boomer and Boschert Press Co. of 
Syracuse, N. Y., write us that there has been a 
very considerable reduction in the prices of 
their apple-graters. These graters have iu the 
past sold at prices ranging from sixty to 
eighty dollars, but such was the efficiency of 
the machines that large numbers were intro¬ 
duced despite the cost. This reduction will be 
good news to cider-makers for whose benefit 
we chronicle it. 
-- ■ - 
Mr. J. R. Whitt k moke of Chicopee Falls, 
Mass., is making a rake that is equipped with it 
patent tooth, its shape causes it to avoid 
scratching up the dirt, so it is claimed, aud in 
addition to this feature, it has many others 
found in all good rakes. A refareuce to the 
advertisement in this issue will give a correct 
idea of its shape. 
