THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
JUNE U 
and of hay, during the periods of the applica¬ 
tion of the dung, and after the cessation of the 
application, it also shows the increase over 
the continuously unmanured produce over the 
respective periods. 
SHOWING THE EFFECTS OF THE UNEXHAUSTED RESI¬ 
DUE OF FARMYARD MANURE. 
Av. per acre per annum. 
Increase over 
Produce. continuously 
unmauurod. 
Barley drain. Bushels. Bushels. 
20 years. 1852-1871,14 tons 
farmyard manure ev- , , 
ery year....... 48% 28% 
7 v-oars, 1872-1878,14 tons 
farmyard manure ev¬ 
ery year. 49}$ 3b 
7 years. 1872-1878, unma¬ 
nured, after 20 yearsl 
farmyard manure.,,. 36% 22% 
Barley Straw. Cwts. Cwts. 
20 years, 18o2-1871,14 tons 
farmyard manure ev¬ 
ery year.I 28% 16% 
7 years, 1872-1878, 14 tons 
farmyard manure ev¬ 
ery year. 29% 23 
7 years, 1872-1878, unrna- 
nured, after 20 years 
farmyard manure_ 20% 13% 
Meadow May- 
14 tons farmyard manure 
every year, 8 years, 
1868-1863. 42% 19% 
Afterwards ( 1864-1868 . 40% 19% 
unmanured, \ 1879-1873. 29% 10% 
6 years. ( 1874-1878. 23% _ 6% 
“ It will be seen that there is an average of 
only 1| bushel of barley grain and 1J cwt. of 
straw per acre per annum, more over the last 
seven years than over the first 20 years, where the 
application ol the dung was continued. Where 
the dung was discontinued after 20 years, the 
produce of grain was, over the next seven years, 
not unite three-fourths as much, and that of 
the straw but little over two-thirds as much 
as where it was continued. The average an¬ 
nual deficiency was 13J bushels of grain and 
91 cwts. of straw. Compared with the contin¬ 
uously unmanured produc-> over the same 
periods (which, however, declined considera¬ 
bly over the later years), it is seen that the 
anuually applied dung gave an average in¬ 
crease, over the first 20 years of 28J bushels of 
grain and 16J cwts. of straw, and over the last 
seven years of 36 bushels of grain and23 cwts. 
of straw. And where the dung was discon¬ 
tinued over the last seven years, there was an 
average increase of nearly 33 bushels of grain 
and 13^ cwts. of straw over the continuously 
unmanured produce. In the last year of the 
seven, 1878, the plot where the application of 
dung was continued, gave 36J bushels of grain 
and nearly 26£ cwts. of straw more than the 
uumanured plot; and the plot where the dung 
was discontinued gave, in the same or seventh 
year of the discontinuance, nearly 12 bushels 
of grain, and nearly 10£ cwts. of straw, more 
than the uumanured. It is obvious, therefore, 
that the residue of the 20 years’ application of 
dung is still yielding increase. It is, however, 
gradually declining. But there is no doubt 
that the residue will continue to be effective in 
a still more declining ratio for many years to 
come. It would, indeed, take considerably 
more than a century at the present rate to re¬ 
cover in increase of produce all the nitrogen 
of the manure, which has not yet been so re¬ 
covered. 
‘•Turning now to the results obtained with 
meadow hay: as already stated, 14 tons of 
farmyard manure were applied per acre anuu¬ 
ally for eight years in succession, and the pro¬ 
duce has since been taken for 15 years without 
manure. The table shows the average annual 
produce and increase of hay over the eight 
years of the application, and over the first five, 
the second five, and the third five years after¬ 
wards. It will be observed that over the 
8 yeas* of the application the average pro¬ 
duce of hay was nearly 2 tons 3 cwts.; and 
the average increase over the continuously 
uumanured produce was not quite 1 ton. 
Over the first 5 years after the cessation of 
the application, the average produce was 
about 2 cwts. less; but, substantially, both 
produce and increase averaged much about 
the same as over the 8 years of the appli¬ 
cation. Over the second 5 years, the produce 
diminished to less than three-fourths as much 
as over the first 5, and the increase was little 
over 10 cwts. of hay per acre per annum. 
During the last 5 of the 15 years, the produce 
was little more than half as much as its orig¬ 
inal amount, and the increase over the unma¬ 
nured produce of the same period was not 
quite 7 cwts. 
During the eight years of the application of 
the dung there were obtained, in all, 17 tons 
3 cwts of hay, corresponding to 7 tons 13 cwts. 
of increase; over the next 15 years there were 
obtained 23 tons 7\ cwts. corresponding to 9 
tons 2\ cwts. of increase, due to the residue 
of the previously applied duug- Here, as in 
the case of the barley, it would require very 
many years to recover anything like the whole 
of the yet unrecovered residue of the pre¬ 
viously applied nitrogen of the farmyard 
manure. 
“ Lookiug to such results as the above, re¬ 
lating to barley and to meadow hay, it is not 
difficult to understand why a tenant who has 
been farmiug highly for a number of years 
should endeavor to get out some of the resi¬ 
due of the manure which he has accumulated 
in the land before he leaves it. But if so email 
Bushels. 
a proportion of the constituents of the man¬ 
ure is recovered iu the increase of crop dur¬ 
ing the years of the application when dung is 
very Jiberally used, it is not so evident that 
higher farming, which means more dung, 
should be a remedy for lower prices. Nor can 
I understand why the so-called “lasting" ef¬ 
fects of duug should be considered such a 
merit. The Rothamsted experiments with 
various crops, agree in showing that a given 
amount of constituents supplied in duug, does 
constituents supplied, and more accumulation 
within the soil, than when certain artificial 
manures are employed. You must not suppose 
that, iu bringing this fact prominently to your 
notice, I wish in any degree to depreciate the 
importance of, bo to speak, natural manures, 
and to exalt that of artificial manures. The 
production, and the use, of farmyard manure, 
are a necessity of the general ecouoiuy of a 
farm; and there must be the more of it pro¬ 
duced, or at any rate the more of animal ma- 
two inches thick. About the middle spike cn 
a second one which may be a little thinner. 
On the rear end nail a piece of hard pine (or 
some wood that is fairly substantial) e, six 
inches wide and 1J inch thick, leaviugtke space, 
(b) five inches wide. Two pieces of 3x4 inch 
A Corn - Marker. 
less work, and takes a longer time to do it. 
titan when supplied in any other form. 
Experiments with Artificial Mnnures. 
* ‘The next illustrations will show the compar¬ 
ative effects of moderate and of large amounts 
of artificial manures. In the upper division 
of the table we have the average produce of 
wheat, both grain and straw, over 27 years— 
by the complex mineral manure used alone; by 
the same mineral manure uud 200 lbs. ammonia 
salts ; by the same and 400 lbs; and by the 
same and 600 lbs. ammonia-salts. In the low¬ 
er division of the table is given the average 
produce of barley over six years—with super¬ 
phosphate of lime alone : with superphosphate 
and 200 lbs; and with superphophate and 400 
lbs. ammonia salts. 
SHOWING THE EFFECTS OF MODERATE AND OF LARGE 
AMOUNTS OF AMMONIA SALTS. _ 
Average per acre 
ViUUllUCA uuuuim --, - • . 
Complex mineral manure, ana 200 
ibB. ammonia-salts... 24% 
Complex mineral Manure, aud 400 
lbs, ninmrmia-Halte. •••••• **-» 
Complex mineral manure and 600 
lbs. ammonlu-Ralts...j >».* 
Barley every year, 6 years, 1852-1857. 
per annum. 
Dressed 
Grain. 
| Straw. 
Bushels. 
Cwts. 
15% 
13% 
24% 
22% 
38% 
33% 
36% 
40% 
31,% 
16% 
45% 
\ 
28,% 
49% 
34 
Superphosphate, and 200 lbs. ammo. 
nia-salts. . 
“ Referring first to the wheat, it will be ob¬ 
served that by the addition of 200 lbs. of am¬ 
monia-salts per acre per annum to the miner¬ 
al manure, au average increase of nearly nine 
bushels of grain is obtained. By the addition 
of a second 200 lbs. in ail 400 lbs. of ammonia- 
salts, there is a further increase of the same 
amount; that is, nearly nine bushels. By the 
addition of a third 200 lbs. in all 600 lbs. of 
ammonia-salts, there is a further increase of 
only 34, instead of nine bushels. In like man¬ 
ner the first 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts give 9J, 
the second 11, and the third only about 6i cwts. 
increase of straw. Now, assuming that the 
application of 400 lbs. of ammonia-salts was 
the limit of high farming with profit with 
wheat at 6s. per bushel, I cannot see how it 
could be maintained that a further 200 lbs, 
yielding little more than a third as much in¬ 
crease as when used in more moderate quan¬ 
tity, should be employed because the price of 
wheat was reduced to 5s per bushel. Ou the 
contrary, the conclusion I should draw from 
the results of these experiments is, that the 
application of the 600 lbs. of ammonia-salts 
could only be profitable if the price of wheat 
were to rise instead of to fall. 
“ Again, it will be seen that iu the case of the 
barley, the addition to superphosphate of lime, 
of 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts gave an average 
increase of nearly 14 bushels, whilst by the 
addition of a second 200 lbs., in all 400 lbs. of 
ainmonia-salta, a further increase of little more 
than four bushels was obtained. It will be 
observed, however, that whilst with the in¬ 
crease of 14 bushels of grain there was au 
increase of only 12 cwts. of straw, there was 
with the further increase of four bushels of 
grain au increase of 54 cwts. of straw, or a 
much larger proportion of straw to grain iu 
the increase by the second than in that by tlm 
first 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts. It was, iu fact, 
so evident from the bulk, aud the laying of 
the crop, that 400 lbs. of ammonia-salts was an 
excessive application, that, after its use for 
six years, the experiment was abandoned. 
Here, again, I think it must be evident that it 
would be higher, aud not lower prices, that 
would justify the higher standard of farming. 
Inferences. 
“From the various results which I have laid 
before you, you will have gathered that when 
farmyard manure is used, and even, though iu 
a less degree, when manure is deposited on the 
land by unimals feeding upon it, there is less 
immediate increase for a given amount of 
uures, the greater the amount of meat pro¬ 
duced. Nor would it be possible to rely mainly 
on artificial mauure6. I do think, however, 
that farmers generally do not sufficiently 
recognise the slowness of the action of the 
natural manures of the farm j and that, so far 
as they do so, they frequently even look upou 
it as a merit rather than otherwise, that it 
should bo as they say, more “lasting.” But 
slowness of action means slowness of return 
for the outlay; and this will be the greater 
the more excessive the amount of the niauure 
applied. In my opinion, the object to be at¬ 
tained, and that which I have no doubt will 
characterize the most successful farmiug of 
the future, is to get as quick a return as possi¬ 
ble for the outlay in manures, whether natural 
or artificial. This can only be fully accom¬ 
plished with freedom in the growth aud sale 
of that produce which is the most profitable, 
the selection of the crops which are the most 
suitable to the soils and seasons of the locality 
and the demands of the market, and such a 
judicious adaptation of natural aud artificial 
manures to the crops to be grown, as to obtain 
the maximum increase of produce, with the 
minimum residue left unproductive in the soil, 
and subject to loss by drainage and in other 
ways. 
To sum up. 
in regard to this first branch of my subject:— 
It has been shown by reference to the results of 
experiments on au ordinary four-course rota¬ 
tion with different manures, in some cases 
carting off the roots, and in others consuming 
them ou the land, that beyond a certain limit, 
the increase of produce was not commensurate 
with the increase in the amount of manure 
accumulated withiu the soil. The next illus¬ 
trations showed that, when farmyard manure 
was used in excessive amouut, for the direct 
growth of either wheat or barley, the increase 
of produce by no mcaus corresponded with 
the accumulation of manurial constituents 
within the 6oll; that, notwithstanding au in¬ 
creasing accumulation from year to year, the 
crops even diminished in the later years under 
the inlluence of bad seasons, the increased 
amount of manure in the soil not Willy com¬ 
pensating for the adverse influences of the 
seasons; and lastly, that the unexhausted resi¬ 
due of the previously applied dung, though 
yielding a considerable increase for many 
years afterwards, did aoiu a rapidly decreasing 
ratio, and only in such proportion that it 
would take very many years to recover the 
manure applied; even if, which cannot be sup¬ 
posed, it Avere ever fully recovered. Iu like 
manner it has been shown, that when artificial 
nitrogenous manures were used in gradually 
increasing amounts, the amount of increase 
obtained for a given amouut of manure em¬ 
ployed, very greatly diminished when the 
quantity applied exceeded a certain limit, 
which may be called the standard of high farm¬ 
iug; so that, a given quantity of further in¬ 
crease was obtained only at a greatly increased 
proportional cost for manure. 
“The general and uniform result of the whole 
is, that, whether we go from high to still high¬ 
er farmiug with an ordinary rotation of crops, 
with large amounts of farmyard manure ap¬ 
plied year after year for the growth of grain, 
or with artificial manures in gradually in¬ 
creasing amouuts, Teas increase of produce is 
obtained for a given amount of manure ap¬ 
plied, the greater the excess of it over what 
may be termed the standard of moderate high 
farming."—Concluded next week. 
--- 
A GOOD CORN MARKER. 
Every man has his hobby to ride. I have 
several and one that I frequently mount is the 
“Common-sense, bee-line, home-made, revers¬ 
ible corn-marker." Take three pine or hem¬ 
lock planks 2x8, 3J ft. long, round one end as 
shown at a. Place them 3} ft. more or less, 
as is desired, apart, and spike on In front a 
plank (of some light wood) 10 inches wide, 
scantling, slightly thinned at the back end (1,1) 
spiked or bolted on, (see d), will make hounds 
for the wagon tongue or one made for the pur¬ 
pose. The tracker (2) is made of some sub¬ 
stantial wood 4£ inches wide and inch 
thick and if the rows arc to be 34 ft. apart, it 
would be lbj ft. from g to h. Ftg. 4 shows 
au eud view and 5 a side view of the outer end 
of the tracker (2), as seen at II. The tracker 
2 is armed on either side with two beveled 
blocks bolted on the outer end, and at the inner 
end with reversible hinge (6) which enables it 
to be turned from side to side. 
If it is desirable to have the furrow wider 
than the 2-iucli runners will make it, a small 
chamfered inch block may be nailed to either 
side. 
The rear view is at 3, the side view at I, 
the front end of the runners, should be made 
sharp laterally aud covered with small pieces of 
sheet-iron. 
How to use it: Set three or more stakes and 
drive once across the field straight, with the 
tracker extending fieldw&rd; at the end reverse 
it; let the driver stand oil the marker at (g). 
This places him immediately in line with the 
mark the tracker makes, with the tongue of 
the implement, and with the center runner. No 
stakes, no bother, no crooked, or alternately 
uarrow and wide rows, bu t everything lovely 
aud workmanlike. The one ivc now have has 
been in use five years and was made by a stu¬ 
dent and tny’self in just two and a half hours. 
A “one or two marker," is too slow. In a 
“four or five” one the outside runner is so 
far from the center of draft that the least ob¬ 
struction readily turns it aside. I have used a 
five marker but I never could make a mark 
that the suu did not warp badly before I 
reached the other end. But witli the one 1 
have described any man or boy that could not 
draw a “ bee line” should be sent to Congress 
or study law. I. P. Roberts. 
Cornell University. 
NOTES FOR THE GARDEN. 
Death to the Currant Worm. —As the 
season is now at hand 5vheu the currant worm 
makes his annual visit, it may be of interest to 
Rural readers to know that the remedy it 
gave a year ago is both effective and cheap. 
As some may have overlooked it, I repeat it: 
To one pailful of wood ashes add one quart 
each of white hellebore and flowers of sul¬ 
phur; mix thoroughly—apply by sifting on 
the bushes. I used nothing else ou my plan¬ 
tation of over two acres last season, and waut 
nothing better. 
When the Wilson Albany Strawberry is ill 
full bloom, then apply the Codling-moth bauds 
to your orchards. Our most careful fruit¬ 
growers think the practice pays. Examine the 
bauds fortnightly to destroy the larva: of the 
moth. Many growers use two bands : one near 
the branches, the other near the root. They find 
that two bands are a better protection thau 
one. Ti J- 
Rochester, N. Y. 
Coal Ashes. —To those on heavy soils coal 
ashes will be found an invaluable fertilizer. 
Their effect, though entirely mechanical, ie 
marvelous and lasting. I find them fully 
equal to their weight of stable manure. Those 
who have uo other use for their coal ashee 
can use them to advantage in filling in low 
spots on the road. They are almost equal to 
gravel for this purpose. 
Keep the Cultivator going in the corn 
field. It will pay. Frequeut stirring of the 
soil keeps it moist—unlocks the fertile ele¬ 
ments so as to be available for the young ( 
plants, and keeps the weeds down. To destroy 
the weeds before they come up, may seem a 
paradox, but if followed as a rule of practice,j 
it will save the farmer mauy a dollar 
The Mildew on Gooseberries lius dis¬ 
couraged many from plauliug the choke 
kinds. A liberal mulching of coal ashes 
arouud the roots of each pJaut, will do much 
towards warding off this difficulty-and, n 
mauy instances, will remove it entirely. 
Why are the apple orchards so full of l,lor ' 
soms? Last year was the “bearing year 
hereabouts, aud yet many of our orchards tua 
gave us their heavy crops promise a boimu u 
yield this season. 
Insect Pests.— If not already done, destro, 
the nests of the Canker worm in your app 
orchard now. Don’t delay the job. 
