JUNE 44 THE RURAL NEW-YORKER, 3?§ 
injurious to the nervous system. It gives 
coffee additional color, bitterness and body, 
and it is claimed by some that as a sedative, 
tonic and diuretic, it modifies its stimulant and 
irritant effects. For a hundred years it has 
been widely used iu connection with coffee, 
and in Belgium its Infusion is largely drunk as 
an independent beverage. In England the 
sale of a mixture of coffee and chiocory is 
legalized on the proviso that each package be 
labeled “Mixture of Coffee and Chiceory.” 
The term in-and-in breeding always indi¬ 
cates the breeding of animals _ closely related; 
yet no definite rule has been established as to 
the degree of relationship, in the breeding of 
animals, to which it should be applied; conse¬ 
quently, almost, every prominent writer uses it 
with a different shade of meaning. The pre¬ 
vailing differences of opinion as to the results 
of the practice are—to some extent, at least— 
due to this diversity of meaniug. The oppo¬ 
nents of the practice claim that it produces a 
predisposition to disease, a lack of fecundity 
and a general delicacy of constitution, and 
bring forward very marked instances of such 
results, to illustrate their opinions. Sticklers 
for the practice, on the other band, maintain 
that, from Bakewell’s days downward, every 
breeder who has become distinguished for the 
results of his labors, has invariably largely 
practiced iu-and-iu breeding, and found it an 
effective means towards realizing his ideal. 
The best opinion, however, at present seems to 
be that while close in-and-in breeding is inevi¬ 
table in the formation of improved new breeds, 
or on the first introduction of old breeds iuto 
any new country or section, the continuous 
use of the practice is uuadvisable, as calculated 
to produce the injurious effects claimed by its 
opponents. Very much has been said, and 
very much more will yet bo said, on both sides 
of the question, which is too broad for ade¬ 
quate treatment within the limits to which 
each topic iu this Department must be re¬ 
stricted. 
Budding Roses, etc. 
M. A. B., address not given, asks the proper 
time for budding Roses; also, whether Quinces 
can be successfully grafted, aud when. He 
has repeatedly grafted Quinces in the spring, 
but the experiment has invariably resulted in 
failure. 
A ns. —Two requisites are necessary for the 
budding of Roses—a well-matured eye, or bud, 
and a thriftily growing plant, or stock; they 
can be budded at auy time whenever these can 
be obtained. The buds of most varieties are 
generally not sufficiently mature till July; 
hence it is the practice to bud Roses iu the lat¬ 
ter part of July aud the beginning of August. 
Inserted at this season, the buds will remain 
dormant till next spring. Quinces should be 
grafted in tbe spring, the same as other fruit 
ti ees. If the stock is young and vigorous, the 
cion mature and the operation properly per¬ 
formed, we see no rcasou why it should be a 
failure. Splice-grafting will, perhaps, prove 
most successful. 
Canonizing Chickens. 
Rural Reader , again, no address, asks, 1, at 
what age should chickens be eaponized; 2, 
how loug will it take qapouized fowls to attain 
full size aud weight; 3, what will that weight 
be; 4, what feed is best to make them grow 
rapidly. 5, where is the best market for 
capons. 
Ans. —1. Cbickous intended for capons may 
be operated on at any age, but when they are 
two or three mouths old is considered the best 
time. Old birds seldom survive tbe operation. 
2. Capons should be kept to the age of 15 or 18 
mouths, which will briug them to full size and 
also into the summer months, when poultry 
usually fetches a good price. 3. The alteration 
of a ebiekcu into a capon will nearly double 
tbe size of what he would otherwise be, iu 
from ten to twelve months. 4. The ordinary 
diet for fattoniug poultry. 5. Large cities or 
special customers in small towns. 
Injured Frog In n Horse. 
M. G. R., Thoroughfare , Va., has a horse 
that trod on a sharp stump, badly hurting the 
frog of oue of the hind legs aud at the same 
time painfully spraining the joint, aud he asks 
what treatmeut should he practiced. 
Ans. —If we knew in precisely what manner 
the frog is hurt, whether it is torn or only 
bruised, a definite reply could be given. 
Now it can only be said that the treatment 
should be such as would hasten the healing of 
the hurt, either by poulticing the part to re¬ 
move soreness, or by applying some stimulant, 
such as compound tincture of myrrh. The 
6 praiu should be treated by frequent, rubbing 
with some active liniment, by bandaging, and 
more especially, rest should be given. If there 
is much inflammation and swelling in the joint, 
these should be reduced by frequent fomenta¬ 
tions with cold water. 
Uses of Beeswax. 
J. M. (}., Tullahoma, Venn., asks us to men¬ 
tion the purposes for which beeswax is chiefly 
used. 
Ans. —Beeswax has so large aud varied an 
employment in the arts that it is a difficult 
matter to say for what purpose it is of most 
importance. From time immemorial it has 
been used for wax figures, flowers and orna¬ 
ments of all kinds; it is used by tailors, sail- 
makers, shoemakers and others; it is now 
used extensively for the manufacture of arti¬ 
ficial comb foundation; it is used for candles, 
for grafting-wax and many other purposes. 
Miscellaneous. 
A. B. C-, St. Mary's, Ont ,, asks how to make 
Geraniums bloom in winter; she gets an abun¬ 
dance of fine foliage but no flowers. She has 
also a Cactus which refuses to bloom, although 
cuttings taken from it produce flowers. 
Ans —Geraniums must have a season of rest 
during the summer if they are expected to 
bloom in winter. Keep the plauts in pots out-of- 
doors, under the shade of some tree, till Sep¬ 
tember and water sparingly. In the beginning 
of September shake, the soil from the roots, 
replant them in rich sandy loam, and briug 
them forward to the sun aud air. Place them 
in a sunny window, in-doors, when there is 
danger of frost, and when they begin to grow 
give them an occasional watering with liquid 
manure. They need plenty of sun aud air and 
a comparatively low temperature. In a hot 
room they will not do well. Your Cactus is 
probably growing too fast. It needs but little 
water, plenty of suu, aud should have a small 
pot with light soil. 
0. U. J., Eddyville, Ky., a philanthropic old 
gentleman as he is, has taken the trouble to 
write us a long letter, in which he explains 
that he has in his possession a recipe for the 
cure of hydrophobia—a wonderful recipe ; he 
tells of a man who was bitten by a mad dog in 
1780, and a single pill made after his recipe 
cured him, at auy rate he never got mad. C. 
n. J. is now 75 years old, aud as he cannot 
reasonably expect to live much longer, ho 
wishes to “leave this great remedy to the 
rising generation," and. although it has ouee 
been sold for 810, he offers it to us at the very 
low price of stipulating, however, that we 
should pay the postage. We are sorry to be 
obliged most respectfully to decline this liberal 
offer; but newspaper men are not good 
keepers of secrets us a gcueral thing, and we 
fear this one would be lost if put in our hands. 
Mrs. C. S. L., Canyon City, Oregon, tells us 
that bees at that place cost 440 a hive, and 
being desirous to obtain some, she asks if 
pieces of comb with young bees can be sent by 
mail. 
Ans.— Bees cannot be seut by mail. A law 
lias been passed forbidding it. They can, how¬ 
ever, be sent by express for short distances, if 
well packed up aud the express will agree to 
take them. Pieces of comb containing un¬ 
hatched brood, we should think would not in¬ 
terfere with the Post Office law, if the bees do 
not hatch before they reach their destination. 
II. M. S., Iota, Kansas , sends a specimen of 
a prairie flower for name. She describes it as 
of a creeping habit, from three four feet 
long and blooming about the close of April. 
Ans.— It is Schrankia uncinata—(Sensitive 
Brier). It is a polygamous plant, and the twig- 
sent. bears only staminate flowers. 
A subscriber from Alabama sends us a Rose 
aud asks for its name. 
Ans. —It is a sport of some Hybrid Perpetual; 
farther than this we are unable to name it. 
The garden Roses are so infinitely numerous 
that it is no easy matter to pronounce with 
certainty upon any but the best known varie¬ 
ties. 
COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED FOR THE WEEK ENDING 
Saturday, June 7th. 
T. I. B—II. S.—E, W. S.—M, A, B—U. S. E.— 
G. W. P—J- N. J., we will try them,—E. O. N. R. 
—M. L. S. thanks.—G. A.«. Jr.—N. E. thanks,— 
M. B. H.—Marian.-Grandmother.—Mrs. C. M. c. 
—A. A. L.-C. D.—Thunks.—J. D. T.—E. 8. W.— 
A. B—N. C.—M. B. I),—M. \V r .—A. B. C.—O. C.— 
S: U.—W. F. thanks.—W. XI. K.—XI. B. B.—H. B. N. 
—S. I. G.—K. XI. N.—R. B. H.—C. T.—II. C. S.— 
G.O.W.—T. 8.G—J. II.—U. A. It.—R. A-—-A. R. 
E. L-—W. 1. B.—N. B.—F. D. C.-S. C. 
Xt. L. 8.— 
fjomoLogM, 
SCOTT’S WINTER APPLE. 
Tins apple originated as a seedling upon 
the farm of Wallace Scott, on the west shore 
of Lake Memphremagog, about a mile Bouth 
of the Canada line. This is a very exposed 
and cold locality, the thermometer sinking often 
in winter to 30 deg. below zero, and in ex¬ 
ceptional seasons so low as to freeze the mer¬ 
cury in the bulb. This tree has proved entirely 
hardy, and nursery trees grown from it have 
shown uo loss of resistingx ,owcl ’ 111 equally ex¬ 
posed situations, where some are now iu full 
bearing. The first grafts from the original 
tree were made by the writer in 1868. Tbe 
young treeB began to bear, on his farm in New¬ 
port, Vt., iu 1874, and last season yielded at 
the rate of two bushels to the tree. Specimens 
seut to Mr. Downing, and later to Mr, Thomas, 
met their approval for beauty, but the quality 
was thought too acid for a dessert fruit. This 
was also the opinion of the writer until the 
present season, when it appeared that they 
had been tested too early. The Seotts’s Win¬ 
ter is a first-rate keeper, being fresh and 
crisp lip to the middle of J une; aud after 
April 1st it mellows, loses it sharp acid qual¬ 
ity. and reveals a brisk, spicy flavor beneath 
it, which was as much a pleasure, as it was a 
surprise to those who, valuing its productive¬ 
ness as well as its early and profuse bearing, 
bad mourned its supposed lack of dessert 
quality. It is now thought by experienced 
pomologists that Scott’s Winter may fill the 
gM,t want in the colder parts of Canada for 
a long-keepiug apple of good dessert quality 
to grow for shipment to the English market. 
8 cott’s Winter is a fruit medium to large in 
size, teuding, by its habit of overbearing, 
to run under tbe dimensions of the out. which 
is also rather too conical. On a yellow ground 
it is heavily splashed and often nearly covered 
with a dark red. The red color extends more 
or less to the core. In form it is roundish- 
conical somewhat ribbed, (but rather less, 
usually, than iu the cut). The core is small, 
seeds small and (lark brown, stem short, in a 
medium basin; cavity also medium, calyx open. 
The peculiar merit of this variety is that it is 
a long-keeping “iron-clad, ” and when to that 
arc added its free bearing quality, its beauty, 
and its usetuluess as a culinary apple develop¬ 
ing dessert quality late in the seasou, I thiuk 
it will take a high position among apples for 
the “ Cold Belt." T. II. Hoskins, M. D. 
Orleans Co., Vt. 
-- 
FRUIT IN NEBRASKA. 
This State has acquired a “great and 
glorious name" all over Christendom for its 
splendid display of fruit, in one or two cases 
beating the whole United States at fruit con¬ 
ventions. and easily carrying off first pre¬ 
miums. You will hardly believe me when I 
tell you that this reputation is a miserable 
myth. It is true that apples, etc., exhibited at 
fairs, were grown in Nebraska, and were truly 
and honestly offered, and as truly won the 
premiums ; but it is just as true that the State 
of Nebraska, as a State, had uo more to do 
with it than the man in the moon. Dowu in 
the extreme southeast corner of this State, 
bordering on Iowa. Missouri and Kansas, are 
three or four counties where fruit is grown, but 
to so small an extent that I have never seen, 
in eleven years’ residence, a single specimen, 
although I have been within sixty miles of the 
fruit region, and if the Missouri River in its 
vagaries had crooked around a little more to 
the northwest, this State would never have 
been heard from iu fruit conventions for prob¬ 
ably a hundred years to come, as a fruit¬ 
growing State. There happen to be iu that 
quarter a few—a very few—nurserymen who 
kuow how, in that climate and soil, to grow 
fruit, and to them, and not to the State, is due 
all the houor. 
Ann the fruit used here and throughout the 
whole State (nearly) comes from Chicago. 
We have pleuty of it, but we don’t grow it. 
When the extreme eastern end of the State is 
30 or 40 years older, and the soil is thoroughly 
subdued from its wild condition, we may have 
a tithe of our demand met at home. It is hu¬ 
miliating to be obliged to say that the grand 
State of Nebraska has gained its honor in this 
line by a subterfuge—but so it is. 
Bodge Co., Neb. 8. Rufus Mason. 
-- 
C. W. Garfield, Secretary of Michigan State 
Pomological Society, haB forwarded ns a cir¬ 
cular in which he announces that the tenth 
annual summer meeting of the society will be 
held at Muskegon, Mich., June 17th 18tli and 
19th. Sixteen topics of vital interest to fruit¬ 
growers are to be discussed. 
Sljriariait. 
SURPLUS HONEY SECTIONS. 
Whether one should mainly produce comb 
honey or extracted honey must depend upon 
the market. Comb honey commands the 
highest price, but considering that the bees 
gather more if they are relieved of the 
trouble of capping it, extracted honey may 
be just as remunerative, especially for a home 
market. If. however, one intends to patronize 
a distant market, comb honey is undoubtedly 
most profitable; it is more attractive and 
offers no opportunity for adulteration by 
middle-men. 
There are several ways of storing comb 
honey, which meet with more or less approval 
by different apiarists. One method is to collect 
it iu sections, or small square frames, each of 
which will hold about a pound and a half. 
These sections are placed iu the second story, 
which is but seldom entered by the queen for 
the purpose of laying, if she has sufficient 
room in the hrood nest. They may be put in 
crates which are placed directly ou top of the 
brood frames, put four, six or eight, accord¬ 
ing to size, in each frame as represented in the 
cut The frames consist of strips, two inches 
wide, nailed together, and are made of such 
dimensions as to fit the upper story where they 
are suspended. The sections should fit snugly 
in the frames. To prevent the bees from 
building the combs together, two strips of tin, 
each about live inches wide, are nailed on one 
side of each frame. If one section in a frame 
should be capped before the others, it can 
easily be taken out and an empty one put in 
its place. 
-*-M- 
WORK AMONG BEES AND EFFECT OF 
STINGS. 
At a recent a recent meeting of bee-keepers 
at Lansing, Mich.. Professor Cook said in an¬ 
swer to a query : “ I believe the oftener col- 
ouies are looked through in summer the better. 
The bees will get used to it, aud will go right 
on gathering aud storiug; I have seen the 
queen keep on laying eggs when 1 had the 
combs out. Iu order not to disturb their oper¬ 
ations oue must be quiet. Working with tbe 
bees will overcome nervousness. When I am 
feeling nervous aud go out to work among the 
bees, I soon get entirely over it. This matter 
of fear can be got over by any one. Getting 
stung gets one used to the poison, so he will not 
be injured by it. A bee-stiug does not swell on 
me nowq and one of the students at the college 
told me tiiat he was stung yesterday without 
knowing it. until he saw' the swelling some 
time afterward; yet at first, a bee-sting was 
painful to him. 1 think this is on the princi¬ 
ple of inoculation. Mr. Laiigstroth said that 
at first his eyes would swell if he was stung on 
any part of his body, but be got over this. Mr. 
Davis does not know when bees sting him, 
though it sometimes sw-ells on him. Thick¬ 
ness of skin may make some difference.” 
- - 
Now the busy seasou for the bee-keeper is 
at band From daylight till dark the apiary 
will resound with the contented hum of the 
industrious workers. Be vigilant aud observ¬ 
ing. You must at auv time kuow the exact 
condition of every colony in order always to 
be able to perform the right operation at the 
right moment. Shade the hives from the hot 
sun wherever it is possible; too high a tomper- 
eature may cause the bees to desert the hive. 
scott’s winter apple. 
