AU8. 2 
the gullet to the stomach, to the white, insen¬ 
sible lining of which it at once attaches it¬ 
self by means of a couple of hooks, one at 
each side of its mouth. Sometimes in licking 
or biting itself or another animal, the horse 
detaches Borne of the eggs before they are 
mature and in that case the larvm are devel¬ 
oped in the stomach. The bots pass the au¬ 
tumn, winter and spring as represented in the 
cut. and attain their full size about the begin¬ 
ning or middle of summer, when they let go 
their hold and are carried out with the dung. 
On reaching the outer air, the hot buries itself 
iu the ground and becomes a crysalis and in a 
short time emcrgeR as a fly ready ere long, if a 
female, to deposit eggs trom which other bots 
are similarly evolved. A ragged coat and an 
unthrifty appearance are often outward symp¬ 
toms of the presence of bots, but more fre¬ 
quently their presence is uot suspected uutil 
they appear at the anus. They vary in number 
in the stomach from half a dozen to aH many 
hundreds, and sometimes are so numerous that 
they block up the orifice from the stomach to 
the intestiucs. With regard to the amount of 
injury they do, opiuions widely vary; but of 
late the best veterinarians think that they dp 
litllo or no damage. Frequently the symptoms 
of other ailments are attributed to their pres¬ 
ence, but if the proper remedies for these af¬ 
fections arc applied, the bots are no lauger 
troublesome. Eggs are sometimes deposited 
ou horses iu the stable or the yard, but as they 
eau be readily detected on all animals except 
those of a chestnut color, they can be easily 
removed. Medicine cannot remove bots from 
the horses’ stomach, because they adhere to 
parts of it where medicine seldom reaches them, 
and, moreover, their mouths are too deeply 
buried iu the mucus for any medicine that can 
safely be administered, to affect them, and, 
besides, they use food so very slowly that the 
medicine is carried away before any appreciable 
quantity of it is absorbed by them. Horses, 
however, a,re frequently injured by thu medi¬ 
cines that are ignorantly giveu to remove the 
bots. This will be easily understood when it 
is stated that live hots have been immersed in 
spirits of turpentine, alcohol, nitric, muriatic 
aud even sulphuric acids, without having been 
killed by them. 
Dysentery and Red-Water in Oxen. 
C. E. j?., East Sound, San Juan Co., Wash. 
Ter., last spriug had an ox that had wintered 
very badly and was poor. He fed him lightly 
on good hay, worked him lightly, and some¬ 
times turned him into a good pasture. One 
day he turned him iuto a pasture richer than 
usual, where there was a good growth of tall 
timothy. Afterward he was fed on hay two 
nights and u day without showing auy signs of 
sickness. The animal was then turned out, as 
the out-rauge was good. In a few days he was 
found to be sick, lie had pains iu the bowels, 
and would driuk often. From the bowels 
came slime mixed slightly with blood, aud 
some wind. He would cat little or nothing, 
and died in two weeks’ time. The slime be¬ 
came nearly pure blood before he died. Dur¬ 
ing his sickness he passed nothing but slime 
and blood. Our friend asks whether he died 
of over-feeding, or what, ailed him. 2. Work 
oxen arc troubled there with bloody urine, and 
die in the course of a couple of years after its 
appearance; and he asks the cause, whether 
it is preventable, and a remedy for it. 
Ans.— 1. The ox mentioned evidently had 
dysentery, ending in bloody flux. This often 
occurs iu animals poorly wintered, when turned 
ou rich pasture iu spring* The sudden change 
from dry food to laxative grass is very trying 
to most cattle, and the evil was probably in¬ 
creased by the over-exertion of the ox iu his 
thiu condition. The best safeguard against 
this would have beeu to have fed the ox some 
laxative food, such as oatmeal, or a gill of liu- 
6ecd oil mixed with the food every day, or a 
small feed of boiled outs or barley daily for a 
few days before turning out to pasture j or, if 
uoue of these is at baud, turn out lo grass ouly 
one or two hours per day and feed hay. After 
the disease shows itself, perhaps the best off¬ 
hand treatment is to rub the belly actively and 
apply mustard—or rub with warm water aud 
theu place a woolen blanket uuder the belly, 
bring up over the back, aud pour warm or 
cold water, aeeordiug to the season, between 
the blanket aud the body, letting it remain for 
several hours. Give a steep of oak bark, half 
an ounce of sulphate of iron (copperas) dis¬ 
solved in its food. A small dose of turpen¬ 
tine (a tablcspoonful), or a half teaspoonful 
of carbolic acid, in a pint of water, will 
assist iu healing' the mucous membrane. 2. 
The last disease mentioned may properly be 
ealled Rod-water. This disease often afflicts 
cuttle iu a new regiou. Owing to the rankness 
of growth the water is charged with vegetable 
matter, exciting the digestive organs and liver. 
It disappears as the country becomes culti¬ 
vated. The laxative food mentioned above is 
a good preventive and assistant iu treating the 
disease. In the commencement of the disease 
an active purgative is best. fculcss it U accom¬ 
panied with colie aud tenderness ol tne abdo¬ 
men, when only mild cathartics—sifoh as olive 
oil, boiled flaxseed or use oil—should be 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
414 
given. Boiled grain, bran mashes and boiled e 
hay should be given as food whilst under c 
treatment. Cattle that are affected with this s 
local disease would probably recover if sent c 
off, their places being supplied with others un- l 
affected. 
The Vanilla Dean. 
R. W. H., Berkley. Cal, asks if we have auy t 
book on the cultivation of the Vanilla Bean, 
as practiced in the South Sea Islands. t 
Ans. —We have not, nor do we know of any 1 
work devoted specially to that subject. Vanilla : 
is the botanical name of a genus of orchids, < 
and also the popular name of the fruit or pod ' 
of the plant. All the species—of which there i 
are hut a few—are climbing plants (an unusual ( 
habit for orchids), their slender stems emitting 
aerial roots by mcaus of which they ramble 
among the branches of trees. The fruit, when 
fresh, is about the size of the little Auger, 
somewhat three-cornered, fleshy, firm, smooth 
aud plump. The most important species is 
Vanilla plamfolia, a native of the warmer 
parts of Mexico, and introduced into Central 
aud South America and various parts of the 
East Indies and South Sea Islands by cultiva¬ 
tors. It requires a warm, motet atmosphere, 
aud can be cultivated successfully ouly in lo¬ 
calities presenting these conditions. It is prop¬ 
agated by tying a shoot, about three feet long, 
to the base of a tree. The plant comes into 
bearing iu about three years, and will continue 
productive for thirty or forty years. Wheu 
quite ripe, the pods split open lengthwise into 
two unequal valves, aud they are therefore 
gathered before complete maturity The dry¬ 
ing of the pods is a long process, consisting of 
alternate wrapping in woolen cloths and heat¬ 
ing, aud exposing to heat uncovered—a manip¬ 
ulation which develops their peculiar odor, 
and gives them a dark-brownish color; they 
arc also oiled iu course of curing. Like most 
other orchids, the flowers of Vanilla depend 
upon insects for aid iu fertilization. Although 
for a long time the plauts flourished vigor¬ 
ously and flowered profusely in the East In¬ 
dies, they bore no fruit, the proper kind of 
insect not being present, but fertilization 
there is now performed artificially. As found 
in the store, the vanilla pods, or beans, are 
like fleshy, flexible sticks, from three to eight 
inches loug, from three-tenths to four-tenths 
of an inch wide, flattened, hooked and narrow 
at the stalk end. Within are found innumer¬ 
able, minute, shilling, black seeds embedded 
in an aromatic, viscid pulp. The odor aud 
flavor of Vauilla are uot due to a volatile oil; 
but to a crystaUizable principle, vanilline, of 
which about ouc per ceut- is contained iu the . 
pods. It can also be produced artificially from 
couifcrine fouud iu the sap of Pines. Iu fla¬ 
voring chocolate it Is ground up with the 
seeds, but for candies, cooking and ice cream, 
it is most frequently imployed in the form of 
an extract. This is prepared by cutting the 
pods iuto small pieces, thoroughly triturating, 
or pulverizing them with sugar, theu digest¬ 
ing, or softening them with alcohol, and after¬ 
ward percolating, or straining them. Much of 
the cheaper sort is adulterated with Touqua 
Beans. Our chief supply comes from Vera 
Cruz and Tampico. 
Hay Fever. 
B. P., Washington Co., Pa., asks whether 
there is any remedy for hay fever. 
Ans. —This affection was first described early 
iu 1819, and although it has been studied pretty 
closely since, yet little has been learnt as to its 
cause or cure. As to the former, there is little 
doubt that it is due to vegetable omauatious, 
and observations show that frcshly-mowu hay 
produces it iu some people. It is probable, 
however, that different persons are similarly 
affected by different kinds of vegetation dif¬ 
fused in the atmosphere. Its local symptoms 
arc subcutaneous inflammation of the nostrils 
and of the bronchial mucous membraue, to¬ 
gether with irritability of the eyes, aud, iu 
some eases, bronchial spasm or asthma. Dr. 
Morrill Wyman, who has elaborately studied 
the ailment, says there are two forms of the 
disease affecting persons of peculiar idiosyn- 
craey. The first, ofteu called the rose cold, or 
June cold, commences iu Mayor the early part 
of Juue aud continues to July. The other, ealled, 
also, autumual catarrh, begins iu the third or 
fourth week of August and ends in Septem¬ 
ber or Oetooer. The disease is not fouud in 
the Southern States or the north of Canada, 
and in the rest of the country affects ouly 
people of a certaiu temperament. It has been 
found that persous suffering from it find com¬ 
plete reflet after the first 12 to 24 hours of a 
sea voyage. Relief is also obtained where 
there is little or no vegetation, as well as by 
going to certain parts of the White Mountains: 
to Mount Mansfield, in Vermont: to the Adi¬ 
rondack Mountains, or generally to any point 
800 feet above the sot. Those who cannot 
avail themselves of these means of relief, may 
find help or exemption by various changes of 
residence, to bo determined iu each ease by 
individual experience, inasmuch as the speeiul 
agencies are uukuown. The treatment of the 
affection, where removal is impossible outside 
the region in which the cause exists, must con¬ 
sist of palliative or soothing measures. Iodide 1 
of potassium and the salts of bromine, arsenic, 
and strychnine, have been found useful; but, 
of course, these should be used only according 
to medical advice. 
Eureka Wheat. 
J. A. JB., Annmlle, Lebanon Go., Pa., says 
that au agent claiming to represent “ The New 
York Nursery Company” is traveling through 
that section with what he claims to be a new 
variety of wheat, called the. Eureka. It is to 
yieid 50 to 60 bushels per acre, aud ho asks 
ouly gs5 per bushel for the seed, and he gener¬ 
ously offers to pay the buyer $3 per bushel for 
all his surplus wheat for the next two years. 
Our friend asks whether we think it “healthy” 
for our readers to invest in the Eureka. 
Ans. —New York is so large a place that a 
small coueern that might wish to shrink from 
local notice could easily hide in au attic, so as 
to escape a very diligent search; especially 
wliou. as in the present ease, no special ad¬ 
dress is given. We have therefore been unable 
to learn anything about “The New York Nur¬ 
sery Compauy,” and we certainly think it very 
“ unhealthy " for any of our friends to have 
anything to do with folks who make such pal¬ 
pably absurd promises as docs the untindablc 
company’s agent. 
Willful Deans. 
,/. 1>. T., no address, says that his great 
trouble is to make his Lima beaus cling to the 
poles. He has tied them up, but with no good 
results ; they perversely prefer to run all over 
the ground, and they have nice cedar poles, 
too. 
Ans. —These beans seem to bo some uncom¬ 
monly willful and creeping characters, without 
gratitude for their nice poles, and with a singu¬ 
lar lack of ambition to rise iu the world, ^o 
much do they differ from their brethren, that 
we wonder if they are beans at all; this ques¬ 
tion we trust, however, that our correspondent 
can settle for himself. Were they twisted 
around the poles iu the right direction ; against 
the sun, that is, from the south by the east, 
north uud west to the south again ? If not, 
coax them that way. 
Clarifying horghuiu Juice. 
B. C. Me V., Pomona, Kan., wants to know 
how to clarify sorghum juice. 
Ans. —Ou heating the juice to a temperature 
of 170 or 180 degrees F.. a large quantity of 
the albumen will coagulate aud rise to the top, 
and must be removed by skimming. But still 
another portion is held in solution by the free 
acid iu the juice. In order to coagulate this, 
, the a«Pd is neutralized by adding milk of lime, 
from six to seveu piuts to every 100 gallons of * 
juice. This being thoroughly stirred in, the 
remaining albumen coagulates, aud is skimmed 
off. It requires experience to do this nicely and 
at the right moment, and a beginner in sugar¬ 
making from sorghum is uot likely to meet 
with the best results at the first trial. Profes¬ 
sor F. L. Stewart has published a book ou the 
subject, which will give more detailed infor¬ 
mation. It can be obtained through book offices. 
Miscellaneous. 
S. C., Oriskany. N. P . wants to get a hogs¬ 
head lo bold water and asks, 1, which is the 
belter—pine or oak. An application of tar to 
the outside of a pine vessel be tbiuks might 
render it equal to any other. 2. Ho also wants 
to know what part of Iowa is the best, for farm¬ 
ing ; what is the price of laud there per acre ; 
aud how many acres of cheap land cun bo 
bought for $500; what is the price of improved 
laud per acre, aud to the growth of what crops 
is the climate in the southern part of the State 
best adapted. 3. His neighbor's potatoes are 
scabby, and he asks the cause ; muck was put 
on the ground three years ago. 
Ans. —l. An oak hogshead would certainly be 
the strongest and most durable; but a good coat¬ 
ing of tar applied whenever needed, to a good 
pitch-piue hogshead, will render it a satisfac¬ 
tory water holder. It the tar is applied to the 
inside as well as to the outside, all the better. 
After a short time the water is very little af¬ 
fected by it, aud then tar water is healthful. 
Moreover, the liuing of Ittr is made more dura¬ 
ble by the pressure of the water, it i less 
affected by the sun or accidental contact, and 
does uot soil clothing, etc. 3. To return trust¬ 
worthy answers to these queries would require 
a more minute aud extensive acquaintance 
with the various parts of that tine State than 
we unfortunately possess, although we have 
traveled pretty extensively through it. Mubh 
Information on the matter eau be gathered 
from our •* Everywhere" department, aud we 
shall be pleased to publish reliable answers 
from auy inhabitant of the State able to give 
the information. 8- Various causes produce 
scabs ou potatoes. Fresh stable manure and 
an uudrained soil are among the most notable. 
R. T. M.. Jackson , Mich., asks: l- How can 
he obtain full reports of the addresses at th* 
late Clove-laud Convention of Pomologists; 2. 
the price aud publishers’ address of the Herald 
of Health, lately ''noticed' in the Rural. 
Ans.— We noticed among our “ exchanges ” 
that the Cleveland Leader or Herald contained 
pretty full reports of the proceedings of the 
Convention in the issues of June 19, 20 and 21. 
As no authorized report has yet been pub¬ 
lished, probably the best way to obtaia what is 
desired would he to write to the publishers of 
one of the above papers for the numbers con¬ 
taining the reports. 2. Holbrook & Co., Laight 
street, New York. $1. (Monthly magazine.) 
J. M., Lyn. Oat., lias 25 acres of muck 
ground that used to be a beaver meadow; late¬ 
ly, however, a large ditch was run through it 
and drained it dry. Onions and melons have 
been planted on it and have thriven remark¬ 
ably well, aud our friend inquires what kind 
of crop planted on it would be likely to turn 
out most profitable. 
Ans. —Wc cauuot answer the question in a 
trustworthy manner. Almost any crop would 
grow on such land, and our friend has to con¬ 
sider which is likely to sell at the highest price 
in his market. Of this he could judge better 
than wo. 
J. McC., Eeio York City, asks where are 
onions raised in New York State and Connecti¬ 
cut. 
Ans. —Onions are raised and cultivated in 
New York State and Connecticut as commonly 
as turnips. The trouble would be to mention 
a section where they are not raised. 
IF. A., Chapel Hill, N. C., asks whether the 
Green Rose is in the Rural collection, and 
says that it. has no charm, and is only a turns 
natural. 
Ans. —We have never thought it worth hav¬ 
ing. 
M. W., Poguonodc Bridge, Conn., sent us a 
plant for name; but it could uot bo determined 
from the specimen then sent. We requested 
seeds, and the seeds were sent aud planted. 
One plaut is now in bloom, and we liud it to bo 
Jerusalem Oak or Feather Geranium. Its bo¬ 
tanical name is Chenopodimn Botrys. 
communications kkckived for the week endino 
Saturday, July 2Uh, 
L. J. IV.—E. W. S.—S. \V. J.—I. O. E.—F. M. CO. 
—D. H. II.—J. M.—A. C.—R. C. M. V.—M. W. F.— 
p. W.—R. II.—T. IL—A. J. C-—A. IX—R. C. A.—A. 
M. P.-S. K.—A. E. M.-S. L.-L. I. W.—Faith—H. 
J. P,— 8. IL P.-S. P.-C. 1).—U. IV. IL—G. A.—E. 
& B. R.—IV. J. C.—A. I.. J.—D. C. A.—L. W. B.~ 
F. D. P.—IV. M. N.-J. B. P., thanks-M. L.—S. R. 
M.-J. B. B.-R. D.-J. R. J.-W. T.—A. L. F.-A. 
J. C.—SI. L. G.—J. IV. K.-A. M. H.—H. H.—E. P. 
R.—A. W. M., thanks—II. C. G.-L. A. B.—W R. 
B.—W. J.—‘-Observer”—K. L. S.—M. B. P.~C. St. 
--- 
CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERI¬ 
MENT STATION. 
Bulletin 82.— July 18, 1879. 
Fertilizer Analyses. 
298. Superphosphate of Lime. Sampled by 
M. S. Baldwin, Naugatuck, June 23. From 
stock purchased of H. J. Baker & Bro., New 
York. 
299. Pure Ground Bone. 
302 Salts of Potash. 299 aud 302, sampled 
by S. B. Wakemau, Saugatuek. From H. J. 
Baker & Bro., New York. 
29S 299 302 
Nitroprou. 3.91 
Sol. rbos. Arid. 13.69 
Rev. Phos. And.... l.w 21.63 
Ins. Piles. Acid. 1.68 
Potash... 32.98 
list, valua'per toft.$38.42 $40.52 $49.47 
Coat per tou. $30.00 33.00 ’ 51.25 
Cost of Sob Phoe. Add in 298, It cents per lb. 
303 was sampled April 25. The specimen 
was quite dry when first taken, but standing 
iu an imperfectly closed can, gathered mois¬ 
ture from the air aud became quite wet. 
This sample is mainly a carbonate of potash 
containing some sulphate, a little muriate and 
also a little prnssiaie. 
Carbonate of potash is quite corrosive and 
would be likely to injure vegetation if incau¬ 
tiously used. It is easily distinguished from 
sulphate and muriate by its effervesence when 
mixed with vinegar. 
The above valuation is based on the Station 
estimate for high grade sulphate, 71 cents 
per pou What allowance is to be made for 
the moisture which the sample has gained is of 
course uncertain, 
It is quite important that all samples be se¬ 
cured in air-tight vessels and also that they be 
forwarded to the Station immediately after 
they are taken. 
All kinds of potash salts gaiu moisture rap¬ 
idly wheu exposed to the air in damp weather. 
FORRESTER’S SPECIAL FERTILIZERS. 
The following sampLes were sampled and 
forwarded to the Station by S. B. Wakeman of 
Saugatuek. and were manufactured by H. J. 
Baker A Bro., New York city. 
oU0. Forrester’s Cora Fertilizer. 
SOI. Forrester’s Onion Fertilizer. 
303. Forrester's Turnip Fertilizer. 
304. Forrester's Potato Fertilizer. 
300 
301 
303 
304 
Nitrogen ns .Viu'nin . 
.. 5.52 
5.45 
6.73 
3.89 
Oiffanlc. nitmeuu. 
L!il 
1.18 
Sot. Pile■* X, ill . 
.. .44 
1.73 
►67 
.24 
ltev. PllOtt. .‘.••lil. 
.. 4.96 
2.76 
•US 
5.18 
Inaoi. Hiok Aeul.. . • 
1.46 
.35 
*2H 
1-79 
Potash. 
. 13.99 
7.89 
9.80 
10,31 
Chlorine. 
.. 3.53 
1.76 
2.60 
2.82 
Est. val. per tun. 
. . 
$53.05 
$59.64 
$54.15 
Coat per ton. 
... ae.00* 
50.01' 
53.50* 
50.00* 
-In Saugatuek. 
S. W. Johnson, Director. 
