A Historical Sketch of Fish-culture. 
95 
In England and Scotland the method was tried upon a 
large practical scale. In 1837 John Shaw, game-keeper to 
the Duke of Buccleuch, constructed upon the river Nith 
artificial ponds with gravelly bottoms: these he supplied 
with spring-water abounding in larvae and insects and in¬ 
troduced artificially fecundated salmon-eggs just at the en¬ 
trance of the water supply. These hatched successfully, 
the young salmon being six inches long at the age of 16 
months. In 1841, young trout were successfully hatched 
at Chatsworth and at Uxbridge after Jacobi's method. But 
the labors of Jacobi and of Shaw were purely experimental 
and do not seem to have been applied to the general re¬ 
stocking of streams until 1853, when advantage was first 
taken of them to commence the re-stocking of the river Tay 
with salmon. In 1854 the salmon-fisheries of Galway in 
Ireland were similarly replenished. The rentals of these 
fisheries have thus been more than doubled. 
Thus Jacobi’s method had been widely introduced in Eu¬ 
rope and had been practically tested in Germany and in Great 
Britain, but little or nothing has been done concerning the mat¬ 
ter in France, notwithstanding the impoverishment of French 
rivers. The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars 
effectually prevented the trial of anything of the kind, though 
it is said that an attempt was made to introduce trout- 
culture in the Department of the Haute-Marne in 1820. 
Finally, in 1848 Pisciculture began to be developed as a 
French industry, set in motion by the exertions of the scien¬ 
tist, M. de Quatrefages, who called public attention to Jaco¬ 
bi's success. In the meantime, however, Artificial Fertili¬ 
zation is said to have been independently discovered in 
France, though the originality of this claim and its practical 
influence are generally considered to have been exaggerated. 
In 1842 one Joseph Remy, a poor and uneducated peasant 
of the Vosges, who was accustomed to gain a livelihood by 
fishing for trout in the streams of his native mountains, 
became alarmed at the decrease in the numbers of trout 
and cast about for means to remedy the evil. He patiently 
