NEOLITHIC SITES IN UPPER VALLEY OF ESSEX CAM. 67 
XII.' Chrishall. Chiswick Hall, B. 
Longitude o° 7' o" E., latitude 52 0 1' 3" N. Elevation 390 
feet O.D., about 190 feet above the level of the spring-heads at 
Wenden. 
Situated on a field on the slope of the valley between Upper 
Pond Street and Chiswick Hall, about J mile due south of Chrishall 
Church, and on the junction of the Chalk and Boulder Clay. 
The soil is a clayey loam. 
The implements are of the usual type, cores, scrapers, flakes, 
etc., and usually have the blue mottled patination. 
The material from this site exhibits the relation of the blue 
mottled patina with the soil at the junction of the Clay and Chalk 
in a remarkable degree. 
CONCLUSIONS. 
From these records it may be allowable to make certain 
tentative suggestions and deductions, as follow:— 
1. That a primitive race manufacturing a rather crude 
type of implement of the so-called Neolithic type inhabited the 
Cam Valley. 
2. That the area of population was the zone of the Chalk 
outcrop on the valley slopes, and although isolated settlements 
occur within the Boulder Clay of the plateau top they are excep¬ 
tional. 
3. The inhabited sites were determined by the available 
wateT supply, and are therefore scattered along the gravel terraces 
by the river, by the spring heads, or on the edge of the Boulder 
Clay where pond water is abundant. 
4. These sites correspond generally with the present distri¬ 
bution of human habitation in the area. In certain cases the 
modern village may actually have originated as a Neolithic 
settlement, e.g. Newport and Wenden. 
5. The distribution of the sites indicates that the hydro¬ 
graphy of the Cam Valley was practically the same in Neolithic 
times as it is to-day. 
6. The close relation of the implementiferous sites with 
the earthworks in Grimsditch Wood and with the lynchetts 
at Ickleton suggests a Neolithic origin for these structures. 
7. The crudeness of the implements, the practical absence 
of arrow and spear points, and the rarity of the celts indicates 
