satisfies them, and if properly handled they 
will give down their milk at once. If they 
don’t get. something to eat before milking, 
the result will be almost as bad as if they are 
milked while eating. In Winter I generally 
give mine their mess of feed just before and 
their fodder soon after milking, though it 
might be better to reverse the order. That’s 
a matter of opinion however. o. l. 
Moms Co., N. J. _ 
PomoUgkul. 
HUBBARDSTON NONESUCH AND HUB- 
BARDTON PIPPIN 
T. H. HOSKINS, M. D. 
In a recent trip through the state of Maine, 
I visited the little city of Gardiner, on the Ken¬ 
nebec River. While there I met my old friend 
Robt, H. Gardiner, Esq. (from whose ancestors 
the city got its name). He is an enthusiastic 
and very successful fruit grower, and was for 
several years (until he declined further service) 
the president of the Maine State Pomological 
Society. He makes a specialty of the Yellow 
Bellflower Apple, which grows in great perfec¬ 
tion on his soil and under his careful culture. 
I saw 400 barrels of these apples, not headed, 
but otherwise ready for shipment to Boston, 
where they command a fancy price. This 
fruit was of the largest size, fair, with the 
rich pink cheek only seen upon this variety 
when in its highest state of perfection. The 
soil of Mr. Gardiner’s orchard is a rich, grav¬ 
elly loam, and his trees are kept heavily 
mulched with oat straw. Great care is taken 
with the trees, especially in growing so as to 
admit the sun to the fruit on all sides, aud they 
were models of health. The Yellow Bellflower 
is, I think, essentially a river valley tree, and 
go far as my observation goes, is rarely pro¬ 
duced in perfection elsewhere. It cannot be 
grown profitably on the hills back from the 
Kennebec River, and it is the same on the Con¬ 
necticut River. Iu Westminster, Vermont, I 
have seen this apple on trees but a few rods 
from the Connecticut, as fine as at Mr. Gardi¬ 
ner’s, but fruit growers elsewhere in the State 
regard it as a failure. 
While at Mr. Gardiner’s, I was shown tw o 
apples, appattptly quite alike, specimens of 
which I forroPt to the Rural. When told 
that they were very different in season and 
iu quality—that one was the Hubbardston 
Nonesuch and the other the Hubbardton 
Pippin—I at once declared that at least they 
must be seedlings from the same tree; but I 
was met with the statement that Hubbardston 
is in Massachusetts, while Hubbardton is in 
Vermont. Mr. Gardiner for a long tune grew' 
the Pippin for the Nonesuch, and believed it to 
be that apple* until repeatedly assured by 
Bostou dealers that he was mistaken. He then 
obtained trees of the Nonesuch, and when they 
bore was able easily to see the great difference 
tetween them in all but looks. Then he set 
himself to work to solve the puzzle, and by the 
aid of Charles Downing and of Mr. Alfred 
Breezee, of Hubbardton, Vtt, was able to es¬ 
tablish positively the fact that his first apple, 
so like and yet so unlike the Hubbardston 
Nonesuch, was hi fact the Hubbardton Pippin. 
The Rural’s pomological readers will agree 
that in undertaking this task and accomplish¬ 
ing it, he showed the true pomological spirit 
aud set an example for us all. 
As regards the two apples, the Nonesuch 
has been long aud widely known as one of the 
choicest New England apples of late Fall and 
early Winter, and a standard market apple. 
BuC so far as lam aware, the Pippin is little 
known, even in Vermont, and might have sunk 
into entire obscurity but for this strange, 
double coincidence of being like the Nonesuch 
both in name and looks. \ et it is far from 
being without merit, being large, handsome, 
a far better keeper than the Nonesuch, aud, 
though uot its equal in quality, yet a very 
good apple. I subjoin Downing’s descriptions 
of both apples, adding that while he speaks of 
the origin of the Pippin as “uncertain,” Mr. 
Breezee believed it to be a native of the town 
from which it takes its name. 
Hubbardston Nonesuch. Fig. 43, with 
cross section at Fig. 44, is a fine large, early 
winter fruit, which originated in the town of 
Hubbardston, Mass. The tree is a vigorous 
grower, forming a handsome branching head 
and bears very large crops. Young shoot, 
dull grayish brown, slightly downy. It is 
worthy of extensive orchard culture. Fruit 
large, roundish oblong, much narrower near 
the eye. Skin smooth, striped with splashes 
aud irregular broken stripes of pale and bright 
red, which nearly covey a yellowish ground. 
The calyx is open, and the stalk short in a 
russeted hollow. Flesh yellow, juicy and ten- 
der, with an agreeable mingling of sweetness 
and acidity. Very good to eat, October to 
January. 
Hubbardton Pippin. Fig. 45, with cross 
section at Fig. 46. Origin uncertain. Tree 
thrifty,spreading, irregular; a strong grower 
and productive. Young shoots clear reddish 
brown. Fruit large or very large, variable 
in form, globular, inclining to conic, slightly 
oblique, yellow, shaded and striped with red. 
Stalk short, inserted iu a moderate cavity. 
Calyx closed. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh 
tender, yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub¬ 
acid, slightly aromatic. Core large and 
open. Very good. Nov. to March. 
Cutomological. 
THE MILDEWS OF THE GRAPE-VINE. 
AN EFFECTUAL REMEDY FOR PERONOSPORA. 
DR. C. V. RILEY. 
TWO CHIEF SPECIES. 
There are very many fungi known to at- 
giuiug in spots, these grow larger and larger 
until they cover the whole leaf and include 
even the young stems and berries, 
Structural Characteristics.— The pow¬ 
dery spots consist of mycelial threads attached 
to the epidermis of the leaf by suckers. These 
filaments have a diameter of ,004 mm. Por¬ 
tions of this mycelium rise up from the sur¬ 
face of the leaf and become constricted or 
intersected (Fig. 47, a p. 74) thus forming cells. 
As these cells, which are the conidial spores,, 
multiply, the terminal ones enlarge, ripen anti 
drop off, so that a succession of conidial spores 
is formed. The spores germinate at once by 
pushing out a germinating tube, generally at 
one end. 
Late in the Summer and Autumn, the peri- 
thecia aud asci are formed, ripening about the 
first of October (Fig. 47, 6). These are the 
resting or winter spores, and are small, black 
bodies occurring ou both surfaces of the leaf 
HUBBARDSTON NONESUCH. From Nature. Fig. 43. 
tack the grape-vine, as is evidenced by a 
glance at such works as “Funghi parassiti dei 
Titigni,” by Dr. Romueldo Pirotta (Milan. 
1877), or “Die Pilzedes Weinstockes,” by Felix 
von Tbiimen (Vienna 1878). But the two 
principal fungi, both of them popularly called 
•‘mildews,’'which interest the grape-grower,on 
account of the extensive injury they cause, are 
the Uncinula spiralis (Berkeley A Curtis) aud 
the Peronospora viticola (Berkeley). Any 
popular statement in reference to grape-vine 
mildews, in order to be accurate, must take 
cognizance of these two species, which occur 
ordinarily under opposite atmospheric condi¬ 
tions. Failure to do so has wrought much 
confusion in the fugitive literature on the sub¬ 
ject. As popularly distinguishing terms, it 
would be well toeail the former the “Powdery 
aud ou the stems. They consist of an opaque 
sac with a cellular wall, from which a number 
of appendages radiate, to from three to five 
times the length of the diameter of the peri- 
theeium, and some of them either undulate, or 
spiral at tip. The perithecium measures from 
.07 to .12 mm. in diameter, and the number of 
appendages varies from 15 to 32. Inside the 
perithecia are the asci or sacs (Fig. 47, o), 
which contain the spores. The asci vary from 
four to eight in number, nominally six; the 
spores also vary in number, the average being 
six. The Uneiuula spiralis therefore appears in 
two phases—first as a white floceulent mold; 
secondly as perithecia with more or less uuci- 
lato, or s(. iral appendages, 
Variation in habit.— One of the most in¬ 
teresting facts in connection with this fungus 
The same. Cross Section. Fig. 44. 
Grape-vine Mildew” and the latter the 
“Downy Grape-vine Mildew.” 
It is my purpose here to deal chiefly with 
the latter, but it Mill be desirable first to 
briefly consider the characteristics of the 
former, that the differences between the t wo 
may the more readily appeal - . 
the powdery grape-vine mildew. 
This is the Uncinula spiralis (Berkeley & 
Curtis), and the conidial form has long been 
known by the name of Oidium Tuckeri (Ber¬ 
keley.) 
General Appearance.— This particular 
fungus produces a white, powdery appearance 
ou the upper surface of the leaves, which at 
first looks not unlike dust, and which is much 
ess conspicuous on the lower surface. Be- 
is that only the conidial form,known as Oidium 
Tuckeri, occurs, or is so far known in Europe. 
There is some question as to the actual 
specific identity of Oidium Tuckeri as found 
in Europe and the conidial stage of Uncinula 
spiralis as found in this country. The bulk of 
opinion is, I think, that they are identical, for 
while Von Thitmen in his Fungi Pomicola and 
in his Pilze des A\ r einstoekes, follows Fuckel in 
giving Sphierotheca castagnei. Lev. as u syno¬ 
nym of Odium Tuckeri, thus implying that 
this last, is the conidial form of the former, 
Fuckel merely makes the conjecture without 
positive proof, and there is great improbabil¬ 
ity in the conjecture being correct. We have 
iu fact, in this case, so far as the evidence goes, 
one somewhat parallel to that of the Grape¬ 
vine Phylloxera. The gall-making form of 
this insect upon the leaf Is of very common 
occurrence, aud the form most easily observed 
in America; whereas in Europe the species very 
rarely produces the gall. Yet the historic evi¬ 
dence is conclusive as to the introduction from 
America of Phylloxera vastatrix, and almost as 
conclusive as to the similar introduction of this 
Oidium; and to my miud, they both furnish 
admirable illustrations of a change of habit iu 
an organism sufficiently marked that, without 
the historic evidence, the question of the exact 
specific identity of the parent and its trans¬ 
continental issue might well be raised. The in¬ 
teresting question, philosophically considered, 
is why, if the winter spore is necessary to the 
perpetuation of the Uueiuula in America, the 
species can propagate for an indefinite period 
without it in Europe? 
Effect on the Vine.— This fungus is less 
injurious to our hardier native grape-vines 
than to the European Vitis vinifera aud hy¬ 
brids of it. Hence it is more to be dreaded in 
California and iu Europe than in the Eastern 
United States. It also prevails most in a dry 
atmosphere. 
REMEDIES. 
Sulphur is well known to be one of the most 
satisfactory remedies against this fungus, and 
is in universal application where the disease 
prevails. It is generally applied dry by means 
of bellows, though, it seems to me, the w r et 
method would have advantages w ith the use of 
the cyclone nozzle. Mr A. Vitch, of New 
Haven, Conn., has found that in green-ten., 
the sulphur may be advantageously applied by 
mixing it witli linseed oil to the consistency of 
paint, and brushing it on tho flues or hot water 
pipes. Mr. Win. Saunders, the Horticulturist 
of the Department of Agriculture, has for 
many years used, with great satisfaction, a 
weak solution of lime and sulphur obtained by 
pouring water on one-half bushel of lump lime 
aud 10 pounds of sulphur, aud theu diluting 
for use. 
THE DOWNY GRAPE-VINE MILDEW. 
General Appearance.— The other mildew, 
namely the Poronosjx>ra, shows itself ou the 
underside of the leaves in the form of a small 
patch of whitish down, and sends its mycelium 
iuto the adjacent tissues, destroying the parts, 
which scorch and turn brown as if sun-burnt. 
It has been known by various popular names 
as “blister of the leaf,” “blight” and so ou. It 
generally escapes attention in its earlier stages 
and experience shows that it is most destruc¬ 
tive where the dews are heavy, or in continued 
damp, rainy weather. This particular mildew 
is the Peronospora viticola ( Berkeley & Curtis)j 
DeBarry having first referred to it as Bo- 
trytis viticola. 
Structural Characteristics.— The my¬ 
celial threads or hyphse are about .01 mm. in 
diameter, somewhat larger in the stems and 
petioles than in the leaves. They are found 
everywhere except in the wood proper, but 
particularly in the tissues of the leaves. Their 
contents are granular and somewhat oily, aud 
cross pai’titions, so characteristic of theUnciu- 
ula, are rare. Just beneath the stomata of the 
leaves, the hyphse are particularly abundant. 
Those which are to bear the conidia pass through 
the stomata and grow more rapidly than the 
rest, ramifying and reaching from .3 to .0 mm. 
in bight (Fig 48 a p. 74), and tearing the conidia 
on the tips of the branchlets. The conidia arc 
oval and obtuse, vary ing in size from .012 to 
03 mm. in diameter (Fig. 48, bb), Germina¬ 
tion takes place with great rapidity whenever 
there is sufficient moisture. Conidia placed 
in w'ater become swollen and somewhat seg¬ 
mented iu an hour. The segments become oval 
bodies, collect at the distal end of the conidia, 
rupture the wall iu a short time and escape, 
swimming off as zoospores, each with tw'o 
c ili«> (Fig. 48, ee). Each conidium produces, 
ou an average, five or six zOospores, though 
the number is quite variable. They vary also 
in shape, and from .008 to .01 mm. in length. 
They move about from 15 to 20 minutes; theu 
come to rest, when the cilia drops off, and a view 
mycelium develops from the side. 
The winter spores, or oospores, are found, in 
September aud October, in discolored and 
shriveled parte of leaves. They are spherical; 
.03 mm. in diameter, with a thick, smooth, 
yellow cell-wall. Fig. 48, (/). They fall to the 
ground with the leaves and lie dormant till 
Spring. 
So for as 1 can find the actual steps by which 
the winter spores are produced, have not been 
observed hi this sjteeies, or, for that mattei, 
in the Uncinula, but as the process is known 
iu the order PerisiMjriuete, we may confidently 
assume that they result, later iu the season, 
from the union of the contents of two cells or 
hypha*, i. e., they are of sexual origin. 
We thus have, as iu the Uncinula, both 
summer and winter spores. The summer 
spores develop outside the leaf and germinate 
rapidly os soon as moistened by rain or dew. 
Consequently, during a wet Summer, the 
spread of the fungus is extraordinarily rapid, 
so that within a few days a large vineyard 
