vyjezgsil** 
Vol. XLV. No. 1888 . 
NEW YORK, APRIL 3, 1886. 
Entered accorainn to AM ol Congrers, In the jeor 18*. by tbo Bund New-Yorker In the other ot the Librarian ot Congreee at Waehlngton. 
PRICE FIVE CENTS. 
$2.00 PER YEAR. 
1 
■ 
from five-eights of an inch in diameter to 
those of three inches. The stock or limb is 
sawed square off with a fine saw, and is then 
split, as showm, with a “grafting knife,” 
which can be purchased for a small sum at 
most hardware stores. The cions are 41 whittled” 
so as to be wedge-shaped, having the w'edge 
part longer or shorter according to the diam¬ 
eter, and a little thinner on the side designed 
to go toward the center of the stock, and are 
cut to such a length as to contain two or three 
buds. A “wedge,” or the wedge part of the 
grafting knife, is drawn into the “cleft" or 
split of the stock, uutil it is open sufficiently to 
receive the cions, two of which are inserted, 
if the stock is one inch or more in diameter. 
opening in the bark and crowded down till 
the square part rests upon the end of the stock. 
All of these features are shown in the cut, al¬ 
though this does not show the wedge part of 
the cion as large as it should be left. 
Bear’s-mouth Grafting Fig. 139, is still 
another form that may be used where the 
stocks are refractory. It has the advantage 
of having more of the wood of the cion left to 
resist high winds, which are sometimes de¬ 
structive to young grafts. In this, the stock 
is sawed in two places nearly as wide apart as 
the cion is thick, and an ineh-and-a-half down 
the side; this piece is then nicely cutout with a 
chisel or a narrow-bladed knife. The small cion 
as if for budding. The cion, cut with a long 
slant, as shown in cut, is inserted and crowded 
firmly down, when the whole is nicely waxed. 
In this form, which is really a variation of 
budding, it is sometimes necessary, for a 
short time, to support the young growth by 
tying it up to the body or some higher limo. 
The above are all forms of grafting, designed 
for large trees and for larger limbs. Where 
cion and stock are of n<?«rly the same size 
some of the following methods are used. 
Splice or Whip-Grafting, Fig. 133, is 
very nicely done where both cion and stock 
are of the same size. Here both are cat with 
the same length of slants, and are then placed 
together'so as to have the eombium layers in 
contact, and secured by tying with a string, 
HOW TO GRAFT, 
THE WHOLE STORY. 
v . RAFTING is one 
nios ^ 
/ ' Yd * ° portant operations 
(^ connected with prac- 
) Weal fruit growing, 
■fiy-rs / and it is so easily 
learned aud so very 
fflriWxESjP'L -* successful in chang- 
ff| ing trees of inferior 
11 Hr "V sorts into those more 
f ! ft M\ r \ \ I valuaWe i that no 
J | fruit grower should 
J/J !/ fad to learn all the 
various ways of per- 
forming it. 
The theory of the 
^ i Iv'-ft^J practice rests on the 
* vy fact that when the 
cion is so placed in 
or on the stock that the cambium layers of the 
Fig- 131. Fig. 1&3. 
is slightly scerfed on the side, and cut half off 
with a slant that will fit into the “kerf. The 
remaining portion is then cut to a point with 
a long taper; the bark of stock is then slit be¬ 
low the kerf, and the point of cion is inserted 
and pushed down under it until the slanting 
portion of the cion is crowded down into the 
“bear's mouth.” 
Wired Grafting, Fig 130, is an entirely 
new method of grafting, for a cut and de¬ 
scription of which we are indebted to our 
good friend J. V. H. Nott, of Kingston, N. Y. 
It avoids all splitting of stock or rupturing of 
bark, and he says it has proved with him very 
successful, and far ahead of the old style of 
cleft grafting. The cions are cut squarely off, 
aud holes are made in the center, aud a piece 
of No. IS wire, 1V£ inch long, is forced into 
And here let us say that in all forms of 
grafting, care must be used in placing the 
cion so that the cambium layer (that part be¬ 
tween the bark and wood) of it and the stock 
shall be in direct contact. After the cions are 
crowded down snug, the wedge is withdrawn, 
and the whole “waxed. In all styles'of graft¬ 
ing, great care must be used that the ends of 
the stock aud cions and the whole slit be fully 
covered with wax, so that no air can gain ad¬ 
mittance to any cut surface. 
Groove Grafting, Fig. 137, is another 
form that may 1«> used where the stoeks are 
so cross-grained or tough that they will not 
split with a smooth edge. It is also adapted 
to grafting grape-vines, etc. The groove 
shown at D is out with a fine saw by taking 
out a V-shaped piece. The cion is whittled to 
the shape shown at A, aud a small section at 
b, is made of such a size that, when driven 
into the groove by a few taps with a small 
mallet or stick, it will fit tightly' when the 
fig. loo. Fig. 136. 
and the whole is covered with wax, or, more 
commonly, wound with waxed cloth. 
saddle Grafting, Fig. 133, is used where 
the stock is from the size of the cions 
to two or three times as la rgo. The upper end 
of the stock is whittled to a wedge, the cion is 
split, and each side cut to a point. It is then 
crowded firmly down upon the wedge, and 
secured by tying and waxing, or with waxed 
cloth. 
Tongue Grafting, Fig. 131, is mostly 
used by nurserymeu for root grafts. It may 
also be advantageously used in grafting the 
small limits produced where, for any cause, 
grafts set in large limbs, have failed. 
In this method a long, even slant is made 
on both stock and cion. The knife is then 
reversed, a cut is made parallel with the 
grain; these are then caused to interlock 
with each other, aud crowded well together 
and tied and waxed, or bound with waxed 
cloth. The figure shows the tongues raised as 
they would be after the parts had been crowded 
together and have remained so for some time. 
Split Grafting, Fig. 135, is also used by 
nurserymen where stoeks only u little larger 
than the cions are to be used. In it the stock 
is split and the cion, whittled wedge-shape, 
is inserted aud crowded down firmly, and the 
whole wound with waxed cloth, or bound 
with string and covered w ith wax. 
Crown Grafting, Fig. 136, is a little the 
best style of grafting where we wish to do an 
extra-nice job, and have the wound heal over 
in the least time and make the least sear. In 
this the stock is cut with a slant, the bark is 
slit aud raised at both the apex, behind, aud 
base of the slant, in front. The cion is split 
two are in contact, immediately on the sap’s 
beginning to move, they unite, and the cion 
at once becomes part and parcel of the tree. 
big. 130. Fig. 134. 
cambium layers are in contact. If the stock 
is large, two or more cions may be used, put¬ 
ting them on different sides. 
Slip Grafting, Fig. 128, is another form 
that may be used where the stocks cannot be 
smoothly split It may also be used in con¬ 
nection with cleft grafting where limbs three 
or more inches in diameter must be cut 
Iu this the bark is slit and slightly' raised. 
Ihe cion is cut half off square, the remaining 
portion is then cut slanting towards the l>ark 
to a point. This part is then inserted into the 
Fig. 132. 
each, half an inch. One or more holes are 
then made in the end of the stock iu such 
position that w’hen the "wires projecting from 
the cions are forced into them, the cambium 
layers of cion and stock are brought firmly 
into contact, and the parts are then well- 
waxed. 
Side Grafting, Fig-. 131, is successfully 
Used whenever it is desirable to produce a 
limb ou the side of a young tree, to balance 
the top, or for any other purpose. A cross is 
cut ou the side of the tree, aud a slit is made 
This union, however, is only of 
made subsequent to the operation, 
extends to the wood existing whet 
ing is done. 
While most trees may, under vei 
circumstances, be successfully e 
