e 
least, save as to size. At another tempera¬ 
ture, they remain unchanged under the oper¬ 
ations of the churn; while at an intermediate 
temperature between these, they readily co¬ 
alesce by churning and aj >] >ear as butter. He 
was able to take milk with small cream glo¬ 
bules am l convert them into large ones, but 
correspondingly less in number; and by churn¬ 
ing at another temperature, he could make 
the large cream globules in milk smaller and 
correspondingly increase their number. He 
made emulsions of other fats, the globules of 
which appeared under the microscope the 
same as the butter globules, and he could 
unite and divide them in the same way, and 
also churn them into the consistency of but¬ 
ter. But he had to observe a particular tem- 
]jerature for each kiud of fat. This is why 
temperature is so important in churning. If 
the temperature is too light, the butter glob¬ 
ules are broken up and reduced in size. If the 
temperature is too low, they refuse to adhere 
together, and no butter comes. The right 
nudiim temperature makes the churning 
easy. 
As albumen is a constant element in milk— 
less just after the cow calves and during warm 
weather, and more in proportion in cold weath¬ 
er—it is inferred that this, being the most vis- 
eous, is t he one that clings most tenaciously to 
the butter globule, giving it the appearance 
of a thin membrane. The churning presses 
the globule from this entanglement Indore it 
can unite with its fellow aud congeal into but¬ 
ter. Prof. Arnold thinks the butter globule 
remains liquid until broken in the watery 
serum, which rapidly conducts off the heat 
and allows the globules to blend together aud 
congeal in the form of butter, if the tempera¬ 
ture is right. If it is too high, they only 
break and divide. If too low, they do not 
break at all, but remain enveloped iu the vis¬ 
cid albumen. Hence the advantage, when the 
albumen is in excess, of churning at a higher 
temperature aud of diluting the cream with 
warm water. It makes the whole mass more 
limpid, and allows the fat globules to free 
themselves from the albumen. This is the 
best light we are uow ablo to throw on the 
subject. 
<£\)C Pontiff 13ClVil. 
POULTRY AT THE SOUTH. 
The Plymouth Rocks are, iu my opinion, by 
far t he lost birds for this climate, both for the 
fancier aud for the general farmer. They are 
hardy, thrifty and prolific. I.angshans und 
Brutimasdo well here, as do the Games. Any 
of the above will be prolitable with fair treat¬ 
ment. The Polish, Houdans and other breeds 
with excessive feathering are delicate and al¬ 
most worthless. Leghorns are healthy and 
prolific after reaching maturity, but delicate 
aud hard to raise unless hatched very early, 
All sorts of geese thrive with us and can be 
raised at little or no expense. Fortunes can 
be made at geese farming. I can raise a ton 
of geese feathers for less money thau oueeould 
product* a Pm of wool. 
1 do not think this climate is as bad for 
poultry diseases as a colder one would be. If 
Northern poultry should be treated as badly as 
ours are, there would be none left at the 
North. We have but little roup mid cholera, 
and only from neglect and tilth. Our worst 
disease for little chicks is gapes, and I have 
seldom noticed that, outside of filthy runs. 
Northern and Southern specimens of the same 
breed do not differ, except in development. 
With the same care, we can grow a larger 
bird from the fact that all birds delight in 
warm weather—when not, excessively warm. 
All birds, in their natural state, hatch their 
young iu warm weather. Evorj r poultryman 
knows that cold weather is death to young 
birds, and even when birds are fully feathered 
they will uot grow in cold wwither as they 
will in warm. Hence, I conclude that as wo 
have nine months t>f warm, growing weather, 
we can raise a better bird that can those who 
live iu a cold country where there are three 
months more of colder weather. Many Fall- 
hutched chicks are caught by the cold, aud 
stunted, and consequently never reach their 
full size. Another reason why we can produce 
larger chickens in a warm climate lies in the 
fact that bugs aud worms abound for a lon¬ 
ger period of time. These are the natural 
food of birds aud essential to their health and 
development. Again, the tender, growing 
vegetation is spread before fowls fora longer 
period of time. Chopped meat and Vegeta¬ 
bles will not so completely meet the tastes and 
requirements of a bird as the living and grow¬ 
ing animal and vegetable life. Birds have uo 
stomachs, and consequently uo gastric juice. 
Owing to the fact that we have ail abundance 
of insects, fruits, grass and seeds during near¬ 
ly the entire year, we can raise our fowls for 
oue-fourth the cost in a colder climate, yet, to 
our shame be it said, we buy both eggs and 
poultry away from home. 
I would never advise a friend to buy eggs. 
Fanciers uever bay eggs except uow and then 
to secure a few chicks from an exceptionally 
flue cock. I would advise a farmer to kill all 
his old roosters, buy a pair or trio of good 
Plymouth Rocks, and keep the one or two hens 
laying all through the year, setting the eggs 
under his common hens. He could watch their 
nests aud thus secure their eggs. From a trio 
of Plymouth Rocks a farmer could, with fair 
success, raise 135 chickens. This would give 
him at least 50 good hens, and enough to war¬ 
rant him in killing off all the scrubs. He will 
have a flock Of fine birds as much above the 
common stock as a race lioise is above a Texan 
pony. If he should buy eggs he will be just 
one year behind his more enterprising neigh- 
bore. If he buys one or two settings, but a 
part of the eggs will hatch, aud he runs the 
risk of trying to rear a lot of in-bred and 
poorly mated chickens, and perhaps not enough 
hens to do away with the common stock. A 
trio of chickens worth, say $10, will produce 
iu a year 20 dozens of eggB, worth at least one 
dollar per dozen. The man, therefore, who 
buys chickens ins teal of eggs, gets his eggs for 
half price, aud still has a fine trio of fowls on 
hand. It costs more to start in this way, but 
I thiuk it pays best iu the eud. 
Baton Rouge, La. w. w. garig. 
MINORCAS. 
TnE Blaelc and White Minorcas are new and 
valuable additions to the many varieties of 
poultry we already have in this country, Mr. 
Stephen Beales, one of the best known aud 
ablest English writers, says: “These varieties 
have been very carefully bred for very many 
years in the south of England, outside of 
which, until recently, they were scarcely 
known; but now their great value as layers 
has made them very popular indeed all over 
the country, and they promise to beeome first 
favorites in this respect. Nor can we wonder 
at it, for their great fecundity, the large eggs 
they produce, their precocity ami hardiuess, 
their adaptability for all soils aud places, 
whether confined or otherwise, make them 
one of the most useful breeds we possess, aud, 
being uou-sitters, we must give them the first 
position among all the laying breeds of poul¬ 
try.” The Minorca is a stylish bird, with 
stately, upright carriage, close, compact 
body and of a stout, square build. Their 
combs are large aud single, earlaps white, aud 
face coral red. They are very hardy either 
as fowls or chicks, aud mature early, the pul¬ 
lets laying when 18 to 30 weeks old. They are 
small eaters ami splendid foragers, and I be¬ 
lieve will become great favorites, esjiecially 
among the farmers. 
There have been four importations this year, 
three for prominent breeders in Pennsylva¬ 
nia and one for one of rhe leading breeders 
iu Maine, each having a fine breeding yard of 
the Blacks. The White Minorcas are very 
scarce, aud but few have been imported. I 
predict for those few breeders of Minorcas a 
very ready sale for all the chicks they may 
raise this year, as this is surely cue of the best 
fowls we now have iu this country, aud as true 
merit will always win, they will speedily come 
to the front. j. d. k. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Ponuilflgkiil. 
“HARDINESS OF FRUITS.” 
FROK. J. L. BUDD. 
The general conclusion reached by Mr. T. 
T. Lyon, in the Rural of May 1st, in regard 
to the need of foliage tliat will maintain per¬ 
fect health during our summer extremes of 
heat and relative moisture of air, cannot be 
questioned; but it occurs to Western readers 
that habit of determinate growth aud perfect 
hibernating in Winter should be considered in 
the same connection. To illustrate the har¬ 
mony of theory aud practice, the behavior of 
the great variety of ligneous plants on the 
Iowa Agricultural College grounds during the 
past three peculiarly severe W inters aud Sum¬ 
mers may have some interest. 
The behavior in Central Iowa of the cher¬ 
ries and pear* of Vladimir ami Kazan Russia, 
perfectly illustrate the correctness of Mr. Ly¬ 
on’s views. Iu their native clime they endure 
a winter temperature of from III to 50 degrees 
below zero, while with us they have been in¬ 
jured or killed at a temjx'rature of fill degrees 
below, for the reason that their foliage will 
not stand our dry summer heat. 1-ost Au¬ 
gust 1 failed to find a perfect leaf on a single 
variety of the cherry or wild pear from this 
coldest orchard-growing region of ( he world; 
yet, iu Northern Dakota, and iu Manitoba, 
they will prove specially valuable. On the 
other hand, varieties of the apple, pear, cher¬ 
ry, plum, forest trees, aud|shrubs, from Eastern 
Central Russia, 400 to 600 miles farther south, 
seem as hardy with us as our native forest trees. 
Nature seems to have fitted this oldest orchard¬ 
ing region of the world for developing all the 
requisites of what wo call an iron-elad tree. 
The alternate play of the winds from the 
deserts on the east and southeast, from the 
inland seas and the Baltic on the west and 
southwest, and from the cold, dry tundras of 
the far north, has given the leaves of all 
plants from two to three more layers of pallis- 
ado cells than are found iu those of plants 000 
miles farther north, or in any of the indigenous 
plants of Southwest Europe. 
Observation also shows that the epidermis 
of bark, and all the parts of the flower, have 
been equally fitted for enduring periods of 
extreme heat aud aridity of air, or extremes 
of moisture or abnormal cold. With the aid 
of Dr. Halstead aud some members of the 
junior class, I have for the last two days been 
engaged in pollenizing the flowers of plums 
and cherries, with a view to the possible 
uniting of desirable points as to tree and fruit. 
The superior thickness and firmness of petals, 
thickness of stamens and pistils, and strength 
and firmness of anthers and stigmas have been 
constant subjects of remark iuall fruits from 
this region. 
Again, the constant dry autumns of this 
interior section, in accordance with a well 
known law, have in time developed in all 
woody plants another essential of the true 
iron-clad, viz.. a habit of determinate growth 
as fixed and eoustant as that of the currant 
bush or the Duchess apple. A third essential 
of the hardy tree is what Mr. R. P. Speer calls 
“capacity for perfect winter hibernation.” 
The currant, the lilac, aud most of our indig¬ 
enous trees have this capacity for perfect 
vest, undisturbed by our spells of genial 
warmth and rain of late Fall, mid-Winter, or 
early Spring, Possibly the law of survival of 
the fittest, or some climatic peculiarity has 
developed this essential in about all the plants 
of the East Plain south of Simbirsk on the 
Volga. 
Ames, Iowa. 
HIGH FERTILIZATION AND CULTURE, 
AS AFFECTING THE OROWTH AND FRUITAGE 
OF PLANTS ON THE BASIS OF ECONOMY. 
Profit the only object of the commercial grow¬ 
er; conditions affecting the value of high 
manuring; the soil as a bank of deposit; 
varieties best adapted to high manuring; 
how to get the best varieties; difficulties. 
P. M. AUGUR. 
Whatever maybe the possibilities of size 
aud yield and growth of plant to the amateur, 
these matter not to the commercial grower if 
not compatible with clear economic invest¬ 
ment. Look at the matter as we may, the 
questiou will arise. “Will it pay/" This is the 
test by which the whole matter must be set¬ 
tled. 
To what extent, then, is high manuring and 
high culture profitable / Regarding the question 
from this stand-point, a variety of conditions 
confront us—the variety in hand, the present 
and prospective condition of the land, the 
market demand, the cost of labor, the cost of 
fertilizers, the enhanced value of the land 
worked, aud the consequent profit or loss by 
extra outlay of capital iu unmuriug and cult¬ 
ure. I am a believer iu the idea that what is 
worth doing, is worth doing well. 
Iu any agricultural or horticultural product 
the variety raised is a matter of prime im¬ 
portance. With an animal, a good respira¬ 
tory and digestive system, so that every pound 
of foixl does the most good, producing best 
results, is what is needed. Just this, too. is 
needed in a variety of vegetable or fruit. 
And it may tx> truly said t hat as good breeds 
aud good breed.ug are important with the 
successful animal, uo less so are good varie¬ 
ties, and careful retaining of vital points,with 
the vegetable or fruit. Analogy between the 
animal aud vegetable iu these respects is strik¬ 
ingly close*. For high culture, then, we need only 
those varieties which respond generously to 
such treatment. Fortunately we are uot with¬ 
out such varieties. 
As regards the preseut aud prospective 
value of t he laud, a retentive soil properly 
drained aud subsoiled, is nearly us safe a place 
of deposit as a sound bank of discount; hence, 
if we w ish to make heavy drafts we must make 
liberal deposits, knowiug t hat what we do not 
draw out now will remain for future use. I 
fully believe that heavy manuring last year 
has an added value this year, especially for 
the strawberry, the manure having in the in¬ 
terval become much mere available for plant 
food. Composting does for greeu manure 
wliat yeast does for flour, and no good culti¬ 
vator can forego its advantages. An applica¬ 
tion of from 30 to 50 cords of stable manure 
per acre on land well adapted for the applica¬ 
tion, to be planted to the most productive va¬ 
rieties of strawberries, is positively on the 
basis of economy. A given amount of com¬ 
posted stable manure, put ou evenly at three 
different dressings, the whole being plowed in 
each time, and 10 days after each plowing 
crossed thoroughly with an Acme harrow, 
makes a splendid preparation for strawber¬ 
ries; but if large berries are objected to, don’t 
try this plan; but if your policy is to drive 
small berries out of market,the plan will work 
welL It seems like using considerable manure 
and, indeed, if I were to plant the field to 
the Bidwell or Crescent. I would use less, but 
for the Sharp leas or Jewell it is all right, and 
the two go well together. To secure the 
heaviest yield possible my plau would be to 
plant four rows of Jewell to one of Sharpless, 
or to make the field all Jewells except the first, 
sixth, llth, 16th and 21st rows, and so on. 
My experience shows that this proportion is 
all-sufficient for complete fertilization of the 
flowers, and as the Jewell is most productive, 
I give that the larger space. 
To obtain the largest attainable yield un¬ 
der higli culture, I would have my propaga¬ 
ting bed on rich land planted in Autumn, or 
very early Spring; I would allow no blossoms, 
aud secure as a result, with good culture, early 
plants. Ou rich prepared land, plant as early 
in July as you get a sufficiency of plants; set 
them 34 by 18 inches apart and keep off all 
runners. The immediate results of such a 
course will gratify the planter, and surprise 
his neighbors: but the greater surprise will be 
in the fruiting season, when the profusion of 
large, bright berries will indeed bo a marvel. 
Under the foregoing plan the maximum yield 
per plant should reach two quarts, with au av¬ 
erage yield of one quart or more; but to reach 
this, there must be no slip-shod management. 
As iu the solution of a problem iu mathemat¬ 
ics, every step must be right, in which case 
the solution will lx? right. With such a yield 
selling at 15 cents per quart, the gross returns 
would exceed 82,OX) per acre, or at 13 cents per 
quart, the income would exceed $1,700 per 
acre. But observe that to do this, the land, 
the manuring, the management, the variety, 
the season and the marketing must all be right. 
Let no novice expect that he is to step right 
into such success, the first time; if he did, 
it would be the greatest marvel of all. 
There are difficulties to encounter: the grub 
may destroy some plants; other insect enemies 
may do damage; drought may cut short the 
yield, and in many wavs there may be dis¬ 
appointment. So it is never best to count 
chickens before they are hatched. But I have 
fully concluded that high culture aud expert 
management are on the basis of true econo¬ 
my in any agricultural product, but nowhere 
more so than in the production of small 
fruits. 
Middlefield, Conn. 
STRAWBERRIES FROM SEED. 
There are probably but few growers of the 
strawbeny who have not been the victims of 
the tree agent or a well-written advertisement 
extolling the merits of this or that “best berry 
in the world.” A few years ago, at our coun¬ 
ty fair, 9ome very large berries were on ex¬ 
hibition. “They were new, not on the market,” 
but “to oblige,” etc., the exhibitor “would sell 
a few at $5 her dozen,” aud many bought at that 
price. A year later there wasn't one of them 
who w ouldn't seLi the stock at $5 per 1,000. 
Thinking what oue could do, another might, 
I selected a half dozen of the finest berries, and 
started to raise new varieties, and the next 
year I had 75 seedlings to plaut out. The 
result was that 10 were good, four very good, 
and some medium. Of these seedlings I still 
have three. 
At the next year's fair E. P. Roe had a very 
fine exhibit. Thinking as the fruit was from 
his trial grounds, there was a better chance 
for cross-fertilization, I selected those having 
the most desirable characteristics: * result, 150 
plants, and none really poor. At least 50 very 
good, which 1 continued to grow, dropping 
some each year, until I uow have 15 kinds. 
They have always had common care, such as 
the average grower would giviwto acres, as I 
determined they should stand on their own 
good behavior, i have planted tunny leading 
varieties under the same treatment, aud have 
a pride iu seeing the new surpass the old. The 
Wluter before last was very hard on unpro¬ 
tected berries. With us Sharpless, BidweU, 
Atlantic, Prince, ami Warren were all sur¬ 
passed iu hardiness by my own seedlings. 
The object of this letter is to iuduce all 
growers to raise each year a few seedlings. 
Any oue who has intelligence enough to grow 
au acre of strawberries, has enough to raise 
his own plauts from seeds. My advice is, get a 
dozen varieties of tlx* best kinds for your lo¬ 
cality ; plant them close; care for them well; 
select the best fruit of each kind; plant the 
seed mixed iu sand in a shallow box; till near- 
