THE RURAL HEW-VORKER 
bedding. It has natural cleansing qualities, 
and cleanliness helps out the price and pro¬ 
motes health and appetite. The floor of the 
yard outside of the shed is made of brick. 
This floor is kept clean by sweeping and wash¬ 
ing. In oue corner a square place is left for a 
bath. This is large enough for 20 animals at 
oue time. Once a week it is cleaned out and 
filled with clean water. The feed consists en¬ 
tirely of corn and barley ground and mixed. 
The food is mixed with cold water in Summer 
and with warm water in Winter. Once each 
week the hogs receive common salt. There is 
always a lump of rock salt hanging up where 
all can lick it as they like. The amount of 
food varies from seven to 10 pounds for each 
animal per day. The hogs are kept in good 
appetite, the test being the contents of the 
trough after the meal. A dozen hogs are led 
from one 15-foot trough. The fattening period 
lasts from five to six months. Animals are 
mark. A reputation for good fruit may be 
destroyed if the regular brand is used on in¬ 
ferior sorts Some brands are so well known 
that the fruit does not even need to be sam¬ 
pled at the sale. Let an inferior lot go to the 
sale with the brand affixed, and this reputa¬ 
tion will surely be lost. The expense of send¬ 
ing a barrel of apples from New York to the 
market at Liverpool is about #1. To this must 
be added the freight from the poiut of pack¬ 
ing to New York, and cost of handliug in the 
city. The ageuts charge five per cent, com¬ 
mission. All good keepers will do to send. 
Baldwins, Russets, Jonathans, Kings, Green¬ 
ings, Spitzenburghs, etc., all do well on the 
trip. 
Swine Raising in Hungary.— Pamphlet 
from the State Department.-The sw ine of Hun¬ 
gary are famous throughout all Europe. Pork 
is the favorite food with Hungarians, and 
great pains are taken to prepare it in large 
quantities of good flavor. The object is to 
produce a very fat animal, less regard being 
on to prevent splitting. 
Small pieces cut in the 
cover pass it over the 
bail. The hens can 
drink from this without 
getting dirt into the 
water and without tip¬ 
ping the vessel over. 
ing variations. Hence, if we can find within a 
given herd, a family line more uniform in im¬ 
portant features than other family lines in 
the collection, reasonably prolific as breeders, 
good growers and shapely in form, these are 
the families out of which we should select, 
getting our male front a different, and if 
necessary, distant herd. “western.” 
PRESERVATION OF POULTRY MAN 
URE. 
Poultry droppings very quickly lose their 
value if not carefully preserved. If the coops 
were cleaned daily, instead of occasionally, 
the gam in the value of the manure would 
compensate for so doing more, as the droppings 
contain a larger proportion of valuable mat¬ 
ter that readily escapes than many suppose. It 
has been recommended to compost the drop¬ 
pings with dry earth ; but dry earth, though 
an absorbent, does not wholly preserve them. 
Nor will plaster answer fully for that, purpose. 
The best dry absorbent is kainit. and as it is 
of itself an excellent fertilizer the cost need 
not be considered. 
It is well known that water absorbs many 
times its volume of ammonia, and that it 
quickly causes all substances in the shape of 
manure to decompose and change their forms 
and conditions. If, then, instead of keeping 
the droppings perfectly dry, we keep them 
moist with soap-suds, we not only cause them 
to decompose (which is really desir¬ 
able), but the water absorbs and ar¬ 
rests the ammonia, and prevents its 
escape. The soap-suds combine, also, 
with the manure, first forming lat 
acids, which in turn react on the 
insoluble matter of the manure, and 
render it more available as plant 
food. It is not suggested to keep 
the droppings icct, but only inaist. 
They may be mixed with dry earth, 
if preferred, with a small quantity of SHK 
kainit added, the whole to be sat-u- inpR 
rated with strong soap-suds, and kept 
moist afterwards, using additional yriri 
suds as the heap increases. For this 
purpose a large bin or box should be VjS 
provided, or barrels may be used, but > 
under cover as a protection against 
rain and sun. Poultry manure and 
night-soil, though very rich in nitro- 
gen, lose by exposure, aud when al- 
lowed to become dry the loss is quite 
an item. Analysis shows this to be 
the case with night-soil, which seldom torefe 
favorably with animal nia- “ 
dm - ing the fattening period wni 
average about three per cent. The 
inspection of imported animals is very ' 
strict, and Government officials are 
appointed to oversee the production 
aud handling of the moat. Carbolic 
acid is the great disinfectant. The 
production of Hungarian pork is 
marked by a system and economy 
that might well be studied in this 
country. The custom of fattening 
large herds of hogs near the cities 
may never come into general prac¬ 
tice, as most farmers believe they can 
manufacture their corn into pork at 
home most economically. If they do 
this they might learn from the Hun¬ 
garians that the hog thinks as much 
of cleanliness as does any other moui- 
lier of the family. Clean, dry, warm 
quarters for the hog should always be 
provided, or no hogs should be kept. 
A hog should be permitted to bathe 
aud keep itself clean. A good selec¬ 
tion of breeds, good food and good 
care are necessary for profitable 
swine husbandry in large or small 
herds, in Hungary as well as iu 
America, for the lessons of one coun¬ 
try are good in another. 
compares 
nure, although it is kuown to be pro- ^ 
duced from food that is really more 
nutritious than that fed to animals. 
If it could lie preserved daily, in a 
fresh condition, so as to absorb and 
retain the liquids and volatile matter, 
it would give better results. The 
same applies to poultry droppings. 
If allowed to become dry under the 
roost, they decrease iu value, but if 
preserved in a fresh condition much 
of the nutritious matter will be saved. 
If those who desire to save the droppings will 
try the method suggested, keeping them moist 
with strong soap-suds, the ammouiaeal odor 
which will greet their olfactories when about 
to apply the manure to laud w'ill be convinc¬ 
ing P. H. JACOBS. 
WHITE LEGHORNS. Re-engraved from the London Fanciers' Gazette. Fig. 327 
adapted to the climate, but after a few cross¬ 
ings the progeny lose the imported character¬ 
istics and go back to the fixed type of the 
Hungarian hog. Consul Sterne writing, from 
Buda-Pestb, sends to the State Department an 
interesting account of the methods employed 
in handling hogs for the markets. The pigs 
are weaned and driven to pasture where they 
are fed, at times a little barley. Later, they 
pick up what they can find iu the harvested 
fields. Then they are supplied with beets, 
pumpkins and second-class corn. About six 
weeks before the time for fattening, the pigs 
are gradually put upou better rations to pre¬ 
pare them for the forced feeding of t he fatten¬ 
ing period. Pigs from 12 to 14 months old, 
weighing from 110 to 143 pounds, are picked 
out in Summer, and driven to the fattening 
establishments. These establishments are 
located near the cities and close to the markets. 
But little salt pork is eaten in Hungary, aud 
with the exception of the hams and a little 
bacon, all the pork is eaten fresh. The largest 
CATALOGUES, ETC., RECEIVED. 
American Apples in Europe.—Circular 
from DeLong, Mater & Co., New York.— 
It is expected that, the English apple crop will 
be very small this year, and that consequently 
a profitable market will be found for many of 
our apples abroad. Last year iu the nine 
months between August, ’85, and May, ’80, 
802,000 barrels of apples were shipped to Eng¬ 
land. Prices were not entirely satisfactory, 
however, and many were disappointed. This 
year, in consequence of the reported failure of 
the English crop, it is expected that prices will 
be more satisfactory. Messrs. DeLong, May¬ 
er & Co., of this city, are the principal apple 
shippers. Their circular of instructions, re¬ 
cently issued, contains many useful suggest¬ 
ions. The most important point is the pack¬ 
ing. On I}- new barrels should be used, and 
the filling should be done on a platform of 
boards and not on the ground. No wormy or 
bruised fruit should ever be used. Fine, uni¬ 
form apples should be placed in the first layer 
with the stems down. The bottom becomes 
the head when the barrel is filled. After the 
first layer, the fruit may be poured iu from 
baskets, care being taken not to bruise it. 
Place enough on top to project half the thick¬ 
ness of au apple above the top of the chime of 
the barrel. Place the top on these apples, and 
with a screw-press gently 1‘oree it into the 
barrel. Mark on the head of the barrel; a 
plain stencil makes the best mark. Use the 
brand only on the best parcels. If inferior 
fruit is to be sent, it is better to vary the 
WHITE LEGHORNS, 
Which Way Shall the Rows run — 
Prof. Armsby, of the Wis. Ex. Station, in the 
Farmer (St. Paul, Minn.) gives an account "f 
an elaborate investigation upon the influence 
of the direction of the rows upon the warmth 
and moisture of the soil and the growth of 
crops, made by Prof. Marck, of Kuinigsberg 
It was found, when the rows, ridges or beds 
had a north and south direction, the soil was 
decidedly warmer and drier during the day 
than when the east or west, direction was fol¬ 
lowed. This difference was greatest with 
ridge culture, and least with level cultuie. 
The higher the ridges the greater the differ¬ 
ence. As was to be expected, the ridges be¬ 
came warmest and driest while the furious 
were least, affected. The effect, was the gi ( 
est during the hottest months and days. Gu 
the other hand, the soil which became warm¬ 
est during the day cooled off most rapidly 
during the night, so that in the early morning 
hours, haidly any difference in the tempera¬ 
ture of the soil was observable in the two 
cases. The observations upon the growth of 
crops were made chiefly with yugar beets. I t 
was foimd that the greater moisture and cool-) 
ness of the rows running oast and west were 
most favorable for the young plants. Later 
in the season, however, the plants in the 
north aud south rows overtook those in the 
east and west rows. At the time of harvest, 
We have had, first and last, a good deal of 
experience with White Leghorns. They are 
the favorite breed among the farmers of Ber¬ 
gen Co., New Jersey—not for the table or mar¬ 
ket, but for their large, white eggs, which find 
a ready sale in the chief cities and towns. No 
other breed of its size lays so large an egg. Of 
course the color of the shell would be an ob¬ 
jection in some markets where the brown shell 
is preferred or demanded. Eight eges will, on 
the average, weigh a pound. Leghorns are 
generally non-sitters; still there are many 
strains that show the proclivity though they 
can not be relied upon. Our illustration (Fig. 
327 ) is re-engraved from the London Fancier’s 
Gazette. Our experience teaches us that the 
White Leghorns will not bear confinement as 
well as Light Brahmas, Cochins, Plymouth 
Rocks, or Wyandottcs, and that they will not 
lay as well in the Winter. 
WATER PAIL FOR POULTRY 
Mr. H. Griffin, of New' London Co., Conn., 
uses the arrangement shown at Fig. 331 for 
watering his poultry. A common pail is used. 
Holes six inches wide are cut like those show'n 
in the illustration, down to the upper hoop. 
The cover is made of half-inch white wood 
with cross-pieces of some hard wood screwed 
