and since his return home he has told his coun¬ 
trymen what he saw and heard amongst us. 
And I am glad to say that our next conference 
will, by invitation, be held in Dublin. The 
meet ing will take place next June, and we may 
confidently hope that it will arid to the im¬ 
petus which Lias been given to the reform of 
Irish dairy husbandry. 
IN PRAISE OF CENTRIFUGAL CREAM¬ 
ERS. 
Ik pure butter is what is wanted. I thiuk 
the centrifugal process is the only one by 
which it can be obtained. Take the milk 
from a dairy of cows kept in the cleanest barn 
that can be found, and properly cared for and 
fed, and milked with every possible precau¬ 
tion with regard to cleanliness, ami run it 
through a centrifugal machine, and you can 
readily see by what is left in the machine, 
that the milk was far from being pure and 
cleau. Indeed, 1 venture to assert that if any¬ 
body of ordinary cleanly instincts had seen 
the residue iu the machine, and then beheld it, 
with his own eyes, worked into butter, noth¬ 
ing would induce him to eat the stnff. Now 
the case I have cited is exceptionally favor¬ 
able for the production of pure butter; for 
butter is usually made from milk that comes 
from a “promiscuous” lot of dairies where 
rigid rules for cleanliness are uot always ob¬ 
served. If any one can tell of any way of 
making really pure butter without the use of 
a centrifugal machine, I would go round the 
world to see how it can be done. Until this 
machine oatne into use T don't think it was 
ever accomplished. The fact that the centrif¬ 
ugal process will give more butter than any 
other from the same quantity of milk is of 
small consequence compared with the import¬ 
ance of the difference between pure aud filthy 
butter. Do I call all butter filthy that is not 
made by this process ? I do, aud would not 
knowingly eut it. Further than this—I be¬ 
lieve that milk, before it is sold to families, 
should be run through a centrifugal machine, 
aud then the cream should be remixed with the 
skimmed milk, aud then one would have pure 
“clarified” milk. 
The use of the centrifugal machine is not a 
hobby with us, aud we have no interest iu 
their manufacture farther than to bay. pay 
for, and use them. We use the Danish West¬ 
ern and Laval machines, and think one as 
good as the other—both are good. They are 
expensive and difficult to run. The process is 
probably the most expensive known fur rais¬ 
ing cream. Many careful men who have 
tried them have become disgusted with them 
and discarded them, and 1 admit that it re¬ 
quires patience aud skill to run them: yet for 
all that I believe in them. w. rowell. 
Boston. Mass. 
PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING 
PROFESSOR G. K. MORROW. 
.-la animal's congenital characteristics in- 
herited from its ancesters; its subsequent 
d reel up mcut. dependent upon its environ¬ 
ment; the fundamental principle of 
breedinq —heredity ; causes of variation; 
rules of practice from this principle ; 
atavism’, "freaks of natureanimals to 
be selected as breeding stork. 
Tub improvement of our domestic animals 
has been a • •omplished by breeding iu accord¬ 
ance with a few fundamental principles. 
Sometimes these have uot boon understood by 
those who acted in accordance with them. 
Oftentimes improvement has been retarded 
by failure to recognize them There is still 
much in relation to the art of breeding which 
is not understood; but, fortunately, the csscu 
tials to success are known aud comparatively 
easily applied in practice. It. is purposed to 
point out these fundamental principles aud 
some of their applications, in n brief and 
familiar way, with the hope that especially 
young breeders and beginners in the business 
may bo profited. 
The characteristics which an animal pos¬ 
sesses at birth, it has obtained from its parents. 
What it is to become, the extent to whieh its 
powers are to be developed, will depend 
very largely ou its surroundings—its food aud 
carts the climate, the help or hindrance it has 
from man—hut it can possess no quality 
which, somehow, it did not receive from or 
through its parents. 
The most casual observation shows that, 
as a rule, with comparatively few exceptions, 
the offspring resemble the parents; that. like 
produces like. This is the one great founda¬ 
tion principle from which the whole science 
aud art of breeding start. Without it there 
could be uo certainty; no hope of any perma¬ 
nent i uprove.nmt;. Tuts is eallel tie liar of 
inheritance or heredity. Any characteristic 
of the parent may be transmitted to the off¬ 
spring, whether it be an outward, visible 
quality, r as color pr shape: or one relating to 
the disposition, or some internal and invisible 
quulity; whether it be desirable or undesir¬ 
able, of much or little importance. It is not 
true that a quality possessed by the parent, 
will always appear in the offspring, but it 
may. The distinction betweeu the words 
may and will should be kept, in mind iu alp 
this discussion. 
No two animals are exactly alike. Each an¬ 
imal has two parents. These have not precise¬ 
ly the same qualities, hence the offspring can¬ 
not exactly resemble both. Here we have one 
cause of variation. Experience shows that 
the offspring may closely resemble one parent, 
or it may be intermediate between the parents 
iu the qualities in which they are unlike. We 
cannot foretell, with certainty, which parent 
will impress its distinctive characteristics on 
the offspring, or whether there will be an in¬ 
termediate manifestation. The rule of prae 
tice from this principle of heredity is obvious. 
Select animals as parents which possess the 
characteristics desired in the offspring. First 
of all, the successful breeder must know what 
he wants: must have a definite idea of the 
qualities he desires. Then he will select ani¬ 
mals possessing these as nearly as possible. If 
he can find but one animal with the desired 
characteristic, he may find this reproduced; 
if l)oth parents possess it, the probabilities are 
great haf it will be reproduced. If any ani¬ 
mal, otherwise desirable, possesses some one ob¬ 
jectionable quality, the wise breeder will en¬ 
deavor to avoid any approach to this defect 
in the other parent.. 
An animal may receive from one of its par¬ 
ents a tendency which does not appear. There 
may be a tendency to some disease of which 
favorable surroundings prevent the develop¬ 
ment; or there may be a possibility of devel¬ 
opment iu a certain direction, but circum¬ 
stances may never cause this to be manifested. 
Many horses with the possibilities of develop¬ 
ing great speed have lived and died without 
this fact being suspected; and so of any other 
quality. It will readily be seen that this un¬ 
developed quality may descend to the offspring 
and appear in it. perhaps because of more fav¬ 
orable conditions. Experience shows us that 
this often happens. F requeutly an animal does 
not closely resemble either parent in some 
point, bu; does have a close resemblance in this 
to a grandparent, or some still more remote 
ancestor. In such cases it is most ual ural and 
sensible to say the animal inherited this qual¬ 
ity through its parent, although the parent did 
not apparently possess it, the characteristic 
having descended from the more remote ances¬ 
tor. 
While, in the large majority of cases, ani¬ 
mals closely resemble one or both parents, the 
instances iu which they more closely resemble 
a more remote ancestor, iu some one or more 
characteristics, are not infrequeut. Hence we 
modify the statement of the foundation prin¬ 
ciple so that it reads: I.ike produces like, or 
the likeness of some ancestor; the offspring re¬ 
sembles the parent or some more remote an¬ 
cestor. This modification we call the law of 
reversion or atavism, or “breeding back.” 
Occasional instances of striking unlikeness 
to either near or remote ancestors are hard to 
explain. Monstrosities, abnormally or im¬ 
perfectly developed nuinials are produced, and 
we cannot certainly tell why. We have what 
we call •freaks of nature,” or “sports” But 
the number of these is comparatively small. 
The breeder may rely, with great confidence, 
on the almost certain resemblance of all the 
progeny of his llocks and herds either to the 
near or remote ancestry. 
The rule of practice from nil this is again 
easily seen. The wise breeder will endeavor 
to select, as breeding stock, animals which not 
only possess the characteristics lie desires m 
the offspring, but which have descended from 
ancestors also possessing them. Experience 
shows that the probability of t he reappearance 
of any quality rapidly decreases as the num¬ 
ber of generations since it was seen increases. 
If both parents have uny quality in common, 
probably the offspring will also have it. It 
the parents and ali four grandparents have it 
iu common, the probability of its transmission 
is greatly increased. If all the ancestors for 
live or six generations, have had this charac¬ 
teristic, its descent may lie expected with al¬ 
most absolute certainty. And it is not impor¬ 
tant whether we say it is transmitted from 
the near or remote ancestor. 
Champaign, 111. 
(To be Continued.) 
Economy,Not Expense, in Libek.vi. Feed¬ 
ing.—I f farmers, iu general, could get the 
heresy out of t hemselves that it is an expense 
to feed their animals well, and, on the other 
hand, believe the true gospel ou that point— 
that it is economy to do so, they would soon 
be counting greater net gains. The same truth 
holds well as applied to feeding land; and 
modern farming proves that, the cheapest way 
to feed the land is to feed the animals. The 
feeding animal pays in growth, in meat,, milk 
or wool, and does not abstract from the ma¬ 
norial value of the food eaten, but rather fits 
it for plant food. Why can't fanners believe 
these truths and be free-handed instead of be¬ 
grudging the salable food their animals eat, as 
an expense I' The enlightened farmer, who 
said he only regretted that his well-fed cows 
could not healthfully digest more than he fed 
them, took the right view of it.Tbeend of farm¬ 
ing with him was to turn the products of the 
farm into milk, horses and wool and manure. 
The less machinery (animals) he had to run to 
make the transformation, the more he had left 
at the end. b. 
iqmcMxvum. 
BROKEN WIND, HEAVES. 
F. L. KILBORN. 
Broken wiud or heaves in horses is a dis¬ 
ease usually dependent upon some affection of 
the digestive organs, either acquired through 
faults in care and diet, or by inherited pre¬ 
disposition. The almost or quite general im¬ 
plication of the respiratory system is a result 
and not a cause of the disease. A horse with 
the heaves is iu very much the same condition 
as a person with dyspepsia; while a temporary 
or even permanent relief may otten be quite 
easily obtained by proper diet anil care, it is 
doubtful if a permanent cure is ever made of 
a genuine ease of heaves: that is to say, so 
that the am aal is as strong and healthy as 
before. A recent case or a young animal may 
occasionally be apparently cured, but that 
animal will always remain more susceptible 
to those causes that tend to produce heaves 
than if he had never been previously affected. 
In view of this fact, that the disease Is al¬ 
most. and I may say practically incurable, 
greater care should be exercised in its preven¬ 
tion, which is, after all. the only rational way 
of keeping free from the disease. Wc should 
constantly treat our horses as if they were 
quite liable to have the heaves, uot by dosing 
with medicines which at the best are usually 
of very little use except as temporary dis- 
guisers. but by carefully watching their feed 
and care to see that it is at all times suitable 
and not such as is 1 iable to make broken- 
winded animals. 
One of the most common causes is over¬ 
feeding on coarse, over-ripe, woody, indiges¬ 
tible fodder or hay. aud particularly clover 
or other leguminous plants used for hay. 
Musty or dusty clover hay of poor quality is a 
very common cause; while hay that is over¬ 
ripe and musty, dirty, interior or badly cured 
fodder of any kind is very liable to produce 
the disease. Allowing a hearty horse (and the 
appetite usually becomes ravenous as they be¬ 
come diseased) to eat all the hay he can stuff 
when standing idle, rapid driving or hard 
pulliug when thus over-loaded or immediately 
after a full drink of water, and drinking large 
quantities of water, especially just after feed¬ 
ing, are all common causes. Over exertion at 
auy time aud bronchitis tend to favor or ag¬ 
gravate the disease. Horses with small 
round chests—“barrel-chested—are the most 
liable to become broken-winded. The disease 
or rather a predisposition to the disease, is in¬ 
herited bv the offspring of broken-winded or 
predisposed animals. 
To prevent the disease wo simply have to 
exercise a little more care aud judgment in 
avoiding the causes. To be sure even under the 
same unfavorable treatment,all horses will uot 
become broken-wiuded, some animals being 
apparently proof against the disease. But so 
many are susceptible that we cannot afford to 
run the risk of general exposure. 
Avoid over-feeding, especially on coarse, 
musty, dusty, or otherwise inferior fodder, 
and, above all, when idle. If such fodder must 
be used, feed sparingly and only after being 
dampened. When possible, feed only clean, 
bright, woll-eured hay, preferably Timothy 
that is not over-ripe. For horses that stand 
idle most of the time brigh oat or wheat 
straw, with a little extra grain aud linseed 
meal or a few roots, is preferable to bay. 
Also avoid severe exortiou or drinking largo 
quantities of water soon after a hearty meal. 
Do not breed from animals even predisposed 
to heaves, uud thus lessen the danger by lessen¬ 
ing the more susceptible stock. 
For animals already affected treatment is 
palliative rather than remedial. Special care 
should be exercised in eliosing the diet, aud 
also as to how aud when it is supplied. Give 
no clover hay, or musty or dusty food of any 
kind. Bright, clean oat straw with plenty of 
graiu is preferable to any but the very best 
of Timothy hay. When uncut hay is fed it 
should be of the best quality, well dusted and 
given iu small quantities, mostly at night. 
Well dusted uncut hay, with which ground 
feed may be mixed and the whole dampened, 
is an excellent ration. In fact, this makes 
one of the best of feeds for any horse, and 
there is in this way much less danger of over¬ 
feeding. From one to three pecks of the loose 
cut hay. with three to eight quarts of the 
ground feed, according to the size and condi¬ 
tion of the animal, and the whole moistened, 
make an excellent ration for either a heavey 
or healthy horse. The ground feed may con¬ 
sist of equal parte by weight of ground oats, 
corn-meal, wheat-bran ami one-fourth part oil 
or linseed-meal, mixed, or the proportions may 
tie varied to suit circumstances. 
Wherever an animal has acquired a raven¬ 
ous appetite so as to eat the bedding, etc., it 
will be necessary to remove the litter during 
the day and apply a muzzle at night, and such 
horses should not be turned into pasture, except 
for one or two hours at a time, or they will 
even there often overload themselves. 
Water should be allowed frequently, but al¬ 
ways iu moderate quantities, not to exceed 
one-half bucketful at one time- Offer the 
horse water before feediug the grain and not 
after, as is the common practice with many. 
When standing idle for a few days, reduce 
the feed, or, what is preferable, give daily ex¬ 
ercise. Do not allow the horse to go to work 
immediately after eating. If possible, allow 
an intermission of one or two hours. The 
bowels should be kept easy by green food in 
Summer, and iu Winter by roots, potatoes or 
apples, or in their absence by laxatives in 
small doses. A rsenic given in daily doses of 
four oi five grains, or Fowler's solution, and 
continued for several weeks.is often beneficial. 
Unscrupulous dealers frequently resort to 
various methods to temporarily mask the 
symptoms of heaves, in order to sell a dis¬ 
eased animal as one apparently healthy. A com¬ 
mon successful method is by witholding both 
hay aud water for two or three days; but if 
t he hay and water be resupplied the symptoms 
will speedily return in every case. Large doses 
of blitter or other oleaginous substances or one 
or two pounds of fine shot will often hide the 
symptoms. Also large doses of antispasmodics, 
as belladonna.stramonium, etc. But the symp¬ 
toms will always return as soon as the tem¬ 
porary effect of the dose has passed. 
<TI )t Sunnfljfn). 
PIG ABORTION. 
COL. F. D. CCRTIS. 
It is not common for sows to abort. There 
are causes, however, which will produce this 
result. Abortion is occasioned more frequent¬ 
ly by keepiug sows in an inclosure with other 
hogs. A Rural subscriber has just written 
to me to know why his sow aborted with seven 
pigs. He very sensibly gave her a variety of 
wholesome food, so that there could not have 
been auy cause for the trouble on account of 
her diet; but he, very unwisely, kept her in a 
small yard with a boar about a year and a 
half old. If this sow had been put into a field 
a month or two before the pigs were to b« 
born, there would unquestionably have been 
no abortion. When a sow is very forward 
with young, sometimes a slight thing will 
cause inflammation or such a derangement of 
the feetus as to destroy the young. In the 
case alluded to, a blow from the boar when 
eating, or a strain by slipping iu attempting 
to get out of the way of the boar, would be 
sufficient. Dragging the hellv over a trough, 
or bruising it going iu and out of a pen will also 
cause abortion. Catch!ug cold, owi ng to expos¬ 
ure, will also cause internal inflammation, re¬ 
sulting sometimes in abortion. Dogging sows 
heavy with young, or chasiug them and other¬ 
wise over-heating are alike dangerous. Every 
pig breeder ought to know that constipating 
foods will cause abortion, and so will a frenzied 
condition of the mother changing her maternal 
instincts into savage ferocity. 
There is uo place on earth where a breeding 
sow will do so well as ou a bit of pasture with 
a little sfii.-d for a sleepiug place. There she 
will never have auy trouble, and will always 
have strong and active pigs. She may re¬ 
quire a little feeding if there is not sufficient 
grass, aud it is always well to feed a little ex¬ 
tra as it gives her greater growth, but she 
should never be fed so much that she will be¬ 
come fab A fat sow is always a poor breeder 
and makes a poor mother. I have never had 
lietter success than this year iu raising pigs. 
They were mostly born in the fields, and out 
of nearly 200 Duroe-Jerseys none has died 
from weakness or sickness. I find that it is 
always best to give sows an open range,unless 
the weather is too cold, aud not. to attempt to 
feed them after the pigs are born until they 
leave the nest and eouie out themselves to seek 
food. 
I am satisfied that the instinct to eat the 
