remarkable variation from the usual type, 
this variation is not usually reproduced, at 
least not in a full degree. In some cases ex¬ 
traordinary variations are transmitted, and 
by selection have become fixed as a character¬ 
istic of a breed—as the fifth too of some breeds 
of fowls. It is more safe, however, to select, 
for breeding purposes, animals of only mod¬ 
erate development in any quality, if that, qual¬ 
ity be usually highly developed in the breed, 
than to select those of great development in a 
quality not common to the breed. 
Side by side with wise selection of the par¬ 
ents, must go appropriate feeding and man¬ 
agement of the progeny. g. e. morrow. 
University of Illinois. Champaign. 
sweepstakes by age in the two-year-old ring, 
the grand sweepstakes as the best animal in 
the show, the first prize for early maturity and 
the Breeder’s Gazette challenge gold medal for 
the best animal in the show bred and fed by his 
exhibitor. The same steer was shown here last 
year as a yearling with the magnificent weight 
of 1,455 pounds at 581 days of age, and a gain 
of pounds per day from birth; he then won 
the first in his class, the sweepstakes as the 
best yearling iu the show, and the first over all 
for early maturity. He was bred and is o wned 
by Messrs. Gudgeli & Simpson of Indepen¬ 
dence, Mo. 
The winners of the 8100 prize for best lot of 
five steel's, one and under two years old, were 
grade Herefords, averaging *121 days old, and 
weighing an average of 1,859 pounds. These 
steere won here and at Chicago last year as 
the best five steers of an)- age or breed under 
one year old, averaging at that time 751 
pounds when 271 days old. In the 858 days 
since they were first weighed at Kansas City, 
their average gain per head has been 608 
pounds. These handsome fellows were bred, 
fed and shown by Mi'. James A. Funkhouser, 
of Plattsburg, Mo. 
Rightly, in a show of this character, no 
class attracts more attention than that for 
dressed carcasses, for there it is conceded the 
most critical and careful judgment can be 
giveu. Here, for best carcass of steer, spayed 
or barren heifer three years old or over, the 
prize went to a pure Galloway cow, 2,406 
days old, weighing, alive, 1.825 pounds, and 
dressing 66}£ per cent, of her live weight 
For best two-year-old carcass the prize went 
to a pure Sussex heifer 805 days old, weighing 
1,360 pounds and dressing 67 per cent, of her 
or quite equal to any ever shown here. There 
are no remarkably large animals; a fact not 
to be much regretted. Short-horns.Herefords, 
and Aberdeen-Angus are very well represented 
with a few Holsteius, Devons, a single Ayr¬ 
shire, etc. They come from several States, 
Canada and Europe. The swine and sheep de¬ 
partments are at least creditable in quantity 
and quality. The horse show is very large and 
good, and proves a great additional attrac¬ 
tion. Dairymen have made, as it seems to 
me, a serious mistake in sending forward only 
a comparatively small exhibit of butter and 
cheese, apparently very satisfactory in qual¬ 
ity. There is an exceedingly attractively 
shown exhibit of butterine. and the fats of 
which it is made—shown in a separate room 
and without prizes or classification. 
There is a very large and good poultry show, 
and let ns give honor to the agricultural 
press—undoubtedly the most extensive show 
of corn ever made in this country, in competi¬ 
tion for prizes offered by the Prairie Farmer. 
I have attended all these shows, and have 
seen none in which there was quite so much to 
interest and instruct. There is good promise 
of attendance at the various meetings of stock 
associations. 
The State Live Stock Commission has de¬ 
cided to have the cattle exposed to pleuro¬ 
pneumonia appraised, then slaughtered; the 
owners to receive certificates, to be oaid when 
the Legislature makes appropriation. Most 
of the owners consent willingly to this plan. 
The healthful meat will be sold. 
Chicago, Nov. 10. G. E. morrow. 
OUR ANIMAL PORTRAITS. 
GALLOWAY COW SEMIRAMIS 8d, 
Of late the Galloways have been fully shar¬ 
ing in the “boom’’ which did so much a few 
yea in ago to popularize the other black polled 
Scotch breed, the Aberdeen-Angus. At the 
recent fat stock shows they mude a very cred¬ 
itable exhibit, although their number wascon- 
siderably smaller than those of other breeds 
which have been longer and more extensively 
introduced and propagated. They are remark¬ 
able for their round, compact bodies, short 
legs, and especially for their thick, heavy, 
black, shiny, and often early coats of hair. 
They arc exceptionally hardy aud thrive bet¬ 
ter perhaps than any other pure breed in the 
northern parts of the country, such as Idaho, 
Montaua. and Dakota. The fine specimen 
shown at Fig. 441, (re-engraved from the Lon¬ 
don Live. Stock Journal) is the Galloway cow 
Semiramis fid, (4,220) the property of the Duke 
of Buceleuch, Dumlaurig, Dumfries, Scotland, 
and a prize winner at several shows in Eng¬ 
land aud her native country. 
KANSAS CITY FAT STOCK SHOW. 
(RURAL SPECIAL REPORT.) 
Poor attendance.; unsatisfactory exhibits of 
sheep and swine; superb cattle exhibit; a. 
wonderful Aberdeen-Angus ehampion 
steer; a fine Hereford bunch; Sussex and 
Galloways ahead at the block\fast-growing 
youngsters. 
The fourth annual Fat-Stock Show at Kan¬ 
sas City, held from October 28 to 30, inclusive, 
was favored with as good weather as could lie 
desired, but notwithstanding this, the attend¬ 
ance from both city and country was dis¬ 
gracefully small. For the meager attendance 
by residents of the city, which should send 
5 , 001 ) visitors to this show every day it is iu 
progress, it is convenient to account by saying 
that Riverview Park is from to 3 miles 
from the main residence and business portion 
of the city, aud only to be reached through 
PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING.—No. II 
G. E. MORROW, 
Breed; pedigree; selection; variation. 
A breed may be defined as a collection of 
animals possessing distinctive characteristics 
which are uniformly transmitted to the off¬ 
spring. There must be certain 
distinctive characteristics distin¬ 
guishing the animals from others 
of the same general class. These 
characteristics must not only be 
possessed, but they must be trans¬ 
mitted to the offspring with rea- jit 
sonnble certainty. Possession by 
both parents of any property 
makes its transmission probable; 
possession of it by not only the pa¬ 
rents but by all the ancestors for 
several generations makes its 
transmission almost certain. By 
persistent selection of breeding 
animals which possess some quali¬ 
ty desired by the breeder, reject¬ 
ing all which do not possess this, 
it will become so fixed as a charac¬ 
teristic that it may with confidence 
be expected to reappear in the off¬ 
spring: and whenever this is true 
of any collection of animals, they 
may with propriety be called a dis¬ 
tinct breed or variety. 
Here is seen the value of pedi¬ 
gree. It is the best possible guar¬ 
antee of purity of blood; hence of 
certainty of transmission of the 
distinctive qualities of the breed. 
If the breeder relies on the qua¬ 
lity of the parents alone, there is no cer 
tainty that some undesirable quality may 
not appear through reversion. If these 
parents each have a trustworthy pedigree, 
showing they have descended for several gene¬ 
rations from animals which possessed the same 
qualities, it becomes a matter of no conse¬ 
quence whether or not there bo reversion. 
The test of value of any pedigree is the merit 
of the animals which are now entitled to it. 
Merit iu the immediate and near ancestors is 
of much more importance than equal merit iu 
those ten generations back. Undue importance 
may be attached to pedigree, but it has great 
value, and cannot safely be ignored by the 
breeder. 
No breed is so perfect that, continued selec¬ 
tion is not essential to successful breeding. 
Equally purely-bred animals possess the de¬ 
sired qualities in different degrees. They will 
not all be alike in size, for instauco. Only by 
continued selection can the size desired bo 
maintained. And so of any other quality. 
When a change of quality, or size, is desired, 
selection of animals showing a variation or 
a tendency to it, will naturally bo made. 
Variation in many qualities can be secured 
anil fixed not only by selection of animals 
which, through reversion among other causes, 
manifest a tendency in the desired direction, 
but also by changing the conditions under 
which the animals live—their food, shelter, 
management. Obviously the size of twin aui- 
mals, alike at birth, may lie greatly affected 
by food and care, so there shall be marked 
differences at maturity, the one being above, 
the other below the usual size. There will be 
a tendency for these variations to reappear in 
the offspring. By continuing the variation 
in treatment aud by continued selection, this 
variation, like any other, may bo reasonably 
fixed as a characteristic of the family, or 
breed. 
When an animal, or a pair of them, show a 
LIABILITY FOR LOSSES OF SHEEP BY DOGS. 
Not only is the owner of a dog liable for its 
acts, but any one who harbors it 
or allows it upou his premises, is 
also liable. But a person is not 
responsible for the acts of a dog 
which he tries to drive away from 
' his premises, or for those of a dog 
allowed to remain temporarily 
there, as in the case of one who 
ym keeps boarders and permits them 
to keep a dog on the premises; but 
wMM iu that ease the owner of the dog 
The laws with regard to 
swine, cattle or auv other domes- 
Re-engraved from the London Live Stock Journal. Fig. 441. tic animal. In Maryland the own¬ 
er of a dog is exempted from lia¬ 
bility for sheep killed, if he kills 
the dog immediately on receiving notice of the 
injury; but if he fails to do so. the owner of 
the sheep may kill the dog aud recover double 
damages. In New Hampshire and Massachu¬ 
setts the owner of any domestic animal, and 
in Wisconsin the owner of auv sheep or lambs, 
may recover from the town for any injury 
inflicted by a dog. If he cboses the owner of 
the injured animal may sue the owner of the 
dog, instead of claiming damage from the 
town; but if he prefers to prove his loss to the 
town supervisors, and accepts an order on the 
town treasurer for the amount, the claim is 
transferred to the town which may recover 
against the owner of the dog; but the owner 
of the sheep cannot thereafter recover against 
him. In Rhode Island, the first time a dog 
worries a sheep the owner can recover dam¬ 
ages from the person who harbors or owns the 
dog. If after the first notice the dog is still 
allowed to live aud injures sheep again, his 
owner is liable for double damages, and the 
Court may order the auimal killed. Iu Ala¬ 
bama, California, Vermont and Wisconsin 
double damages can also be recovered. In 
Connecticut whoever has lost by dogs worry¬ 
ing or killing his sheep must give notice to 
the town selectmen, and these may sue the 
ownerorharborerof the offending dog,and un¬ 
less the sheep owner is reimbursed by the suit, 
the town becomes liable for the damages. To 
provide a fund to meet this liability, dogs are 
licensed, and the license fees are held to meet 
such claims. 
When several dogs belonging to different 
owners unite in committing mischief, at com¬ 
mon law each owner is liable only for the acts 
of his own animal. Thera would naturally 
be considerable difficulty in ascertaining the 
extent of the injury done by each dog, but 
the jury can adopt any reasonable rule for 
ascertaining the damages. If the animals 
are of unequal size aud have different capaci¬ 
ties for mischief,’the juryjnay.take into con- 
GALLOWAY COW SEMIRAMIS 3 
streets not the most pleasant at their very best 
and now especially disagreeable from an im¬ 
mense amount of work being done for their 
improvement, iu the way of paving and cable 
railroad-building. 
The exhibits of swine aud sheep were not 
satisfactory, and were only a small fraction of 
what they should have been at a show held, as 
this is, almost in the heart of the great 
American pork-producing and wool-growing 
regiou. This year ubojt 25 head, mainly of 
Cotswohl blood, constituted the sheep show, 
and four or five exhibitors with some fiO swine 
in all, none of them more than mediocre, made 
up the swine department. Why every one of 
these shows has not brought out 100 or more 
exhibitors with at least 1,000 meritorious 
porkers—the best in the world—has always 
been a mystery aud surprise to the manage¬ 
ment. 
This year, as heretofore, the strong feature 
of Kansas City’s show was in the cattle de¬ 
partment. Last year 108 head were here, and 
this year there were 130—a superb collection, 
averaging much younger, of wonderfully good 
quality aud showing great improvement in the 
direction of early maturity. Of breeds the fol¬ 
lowing is the list: Thoroughbred Short-horns, 
26; Aberdeen-Angus, eight; Herefords, four; 
Galloways, two, and Sussex, one. Grade 
Short-horns, 23; grade Aberdeen-Angus, IS; 
grade Herefords, 38, and grade Galloways, 11. 
Of these 40 came from east of the Mississippi— 
17 from Kentucky, nine from Indiana and 23 
from Illinois. The big animal of the show was 
a grade Hereford from Indiana, weighing 
2,545 pounds, and 1,611 days old. Ho 
won no prizes. The champion animal 
(alive) of all was a pure Aberdeeu- 
Angus steer reared at Independence, Mo., 
named Sauly. His age 989 days and his 
weight 1,855 pounds, showing a gain per day 
from birth of 1.97 pound. He wou the prize 
as first^in his class, the class sweepstakes, the 
live weight. Her gross gain per day from 
birth had been 1.68 pound. This same car¬ 
cass also won the 8100 sweepstakes for being 
the best overall exhibited. 
The l>est carcass one aud uuder two years 
old was that of a grade Galloway steer 694 
days old, weighing alive 1,385 pounds, show¬ 
ing a gain per day of practically two pounds, 
and dressing 64 per cent, of his live weight. 
The lowest per cent, dressed bv auv animal 
was .53, by a hard-looking, aged. Short-horn 
cow that really had no sort of business in such 
company. She was the only pure Short-horn 
slaughtered. A lot of youngsters that at¬ 
tracted much compliment, was made up of 
five grade Angus calves, ranging in age from 
199 to 251 days, and in weight from 620 to 650 
pounds. Of these the youngest showed a gain 
per day of 3.12 pounds; but even he was sur¬ 
passed by another, two months younger, that 
hail grown 3.24 pounds for every day of his 
life. Awards were iu nearly every instance 
made by judges from abroad, aud probably 
(heir decisions came as near giving satisfac¬ 
tion to all concerned as is ever the ease at any 
like exhibition. The show was under the gen¬ 
eral management of Secretary J. W. Sanborn, 
who is serving his first year, and the Superin¬ 
tendent was Mr. George Y. Johnson, well 
known to the public as Secretary of the Kan¬ 
sas State Fair, and Superintendent of the De¬ 
partment of Agriculture at the New Orleaus 
World’s Exposition. 
THE CHICAGO FAT STOCK SHOW 
(RURAL SPECIAL REPORT.) 
The American Fat Stock, Horse and Dairy 
Show has begun and may bo safely written 
down as, taken iu all, the most Interesting yet 
held. The number of cattle is smaller than of 
recent years, because of the fear of disease, 
but my first impressions are that the average 
quality is very good—with some animals nearly 
