1.8 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS ROUND AT RAYLEIGH CASTLE. 
mandible is referred to the Fox. Alveolar length of molars 
and premolars, 55 mm. ; length of carnassial, 15. 
8. Sus scrofa (Pig).—The mediaeval pig of Rayleigh, re¬ 
presented by a large number of jaws, teeth, and limb bones, 
appears to have been a rather small form, and, judging from the 
large number of cases in which the last molars are well worn, it 
seems probable that the military inhabitants of the castle let 
their stock run in a half-wild condition, hunting them for food 
as occasion required. 
Six upper jaws from Rayleigh were examined. In all, m.3 
was in wear, and in two cases the wear was advanced. Of a 
total of 46 lower jaws examined, five were young, with the 
posterior milk molar still in place ; 17 were fully adult, with the 
last molar in wear ; and, of the latter, ten had the last molar 
well worn. The two lower jaws of which the measurements are 
recorded below are respectively of an old Boar and an old Sow ; 
in the latter, the anterior premolar (p. 4) had been shed and 
its alveolus obliterated. The following are dimensions of upper 
and lower jaws, with some corresponding measurements from 
Riitimeyer, 8 etc., for comparison :— 
Upper Jaws {Adult) 
Rayleigh 
max. min. 
Berkshire. 
S. sc. 
palustris. 
S. sc. 
ferns. 
Length of molars and 
posterior premolars 
3 
. . 99 
Length of molars mi-3 
.. 65 
54'5 • 
. 64 . 
• 65 77 . , 
■ 73 83 
„ m3 
• • 3 i 
2 7‘3 • 
• 31 • 
. 30 40 . 
• 35 4 ° 
Breadth of m3 in front 
. . 18-8 
1 7 
. — 
— — 
— — 
Lower Jaws' {Adult) 
Rayleigh. 
London 
Wall. Berk- 
Rom -Brit, shire. 
S. sc. 
palustris , 
S. sc. 
ferns. 
Length of lower 
molars including p. 4 113-5 — 
. 132 .. 
123 128 .. 
140 152 
Ditto without p. 4 
98 96.5 
..102 . 
. 105 . . 
102 II2 .. 
II2 120 
Length mi-3 . . 
63 62-3 
• • 65‘5 • 
. 71 . . 
65 74 •• 
72 82 
„ m3 
313 31 
..312 . 
• 38 •• 
33 37 •• 
37 4 ° 
Diameter of alveolus 
for canine . . 
18-4 io-2 
_ 
. 20 . . 
10 17 .. 
25 29 
9. Cervus elaphus (Red-Deer).—Among the bones is the 
hinder part of a skull of a Red-deer, from which the antlers have 
been hacked off, apparently with a very bad saw. The base of 
the left antler (sawn partly through, a little below the burr, 
and then broken off) has been found ; the right antler is missing. 
8 “Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten ” : Neue Deukschr.d.Allgemein, Schweiz Ges.f.d. Gcsammt 
Wissensch., p. 185 (1861). 
