i9 
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS FOUND AT RAYLEIGH CASTLE. 
The antler has the bez as well as the brow tyne, so that this is 
at least the fifth antler that the stag had borne. The dimensions 
of the skull are :—Median occipital height 77 ; condylar breadth 
72-3 ; post orbital breadth 116-2 ; condyle to front edge of basi- 
sphenoid ioo-6. 
A part of a left maxilla with four teeth (viz., pm. 2,1, mi, 2), 
half worn, and a left mandibular ramus with all the molars in a 
corresponding state of wear, probably belonged to the same 
individual. Alveolar length of the four maxillary teeth, 72-5 ; 
of mandibular molars and premolars, 113; of mandibular 
molars m.1-3, 72. 
Some other fragments, including part of a scapula and tibia, 
give additional evidence of the presence of this species. 
10. Cervus dama (Fallow Deer).—Part of a right antler, 
naturally shed and wanting all above the middle tyne, and the 
base of another, still attached to the pedicle, are referred to the 
Fallow Deer, agreeing as they do in form and texture with the 
antlers of this species. The shed antler is either the fourthor 
fifth. In both specimens, the brow tyne has been hacked off, 
after two or three abortive attempts to saw it through had been 
made. 
The species is also represented by limb-bones, and the dimen¬ 
sions of the more important are included in the table given under 
the next heading. Near allies of the Fallow Deer are known 
from the earlier Pleistocene deposits of Britain, but the group 
became extinct here in the later part of that period. The date 
of the re-introduction of the species is uncertain, although it 
certainly was here in Roman, if not in Neolithic, times. 
11. Capreolus capreolus (Roe-Buck).—This species is 
represented by limb-bones only. The limb-bones are distin¬ 
guished from those of the Fallow Deer, as will be seen from the 
following table of maximum and minimum dimensions, by their 
smaller size and more slender proportions. 
Capreolus capreolus. Cervus dama. 
Radius. metacarpals. metatarsals. Radius, metacarpals. metatarsals. 
max. min. max. min. max. min. 
Length .. 187 .. 182 178 .. 185 171 .. 207 .. 189 9 . . 224 200 
Width prox- 
mal .. 36 .. 26 26-4 .. 183 17-6.. 42-6 .. 30 .. 27-6 22-5 
Width mid 
shaft .. 20-5 .. 16 15-1 .. 12* 1 n-6.. 24 .. 17-6 .. 16-8 14-6 
Width distal — .. 27-3 26-8 .. 23 20-6.. — .. — .. 32 27-6 
9 A young shaft without distal epiphysis. The radii of both Fallow-Deer and 
Roebuck have been cut away behind distally. 
