20 
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS FOUND AT RAYLEIGH CASTLE. 
12. Ovis vel Capra (Sheep or Goat).—A number of limb- 
bones are referable to either sheep or goat. In the absence of 
adult jaws, skulls, or horn-cores, I am unable to determine these 
remains more precisely. 
13 Bos taurus (Domestic Ox).—The remains of small 
cattle are numerous in the collection, but with the exception of 
a fragment of maxilla and part of a lower jaw, no trace of the 
skull has been found. So far as one can judge from the limb- 
bones, these cattle very nearly approach Bos longifvons, a 
species or race abundant in Neolithic and later deposits. Besides 
these small bones, a few specimens indicating the presence of a 
larger breed have been found. The following tables give the 
dimensions of the more important bones, together with those 
of specimens in my possession from other and older deposits, 
for the sake of comparison. 
Rayleigh. B. longifvons. 
Radii.iO Larger form. Smaller Form. Swanscombe 
max. min. max. min. Denehole 
Length inner side . . 267 
Width proximal articulation 73 
„ mid shaft . . . . 39 - 2 
,, distal artic. . . . . 68-5 
253 
• • 239 
219 
• 245 
66 
.. 67 
57 • 
. 687 
377 
•• 347 
277 . 
• 37 ' 2 
59-6 
61 
49*8 . 
• 667 
Metacarpals (1) and Rayleigh. B. longifvons. 
Metatarsals (2) (1) (2) Swanscombe 
max. min. max. min. (1) (2) 
Length inner side 179 157 205 174 .. 157 173 .. 
Width prox. artic. 48 58 44-2 3 77.. 52-8 40-6.. 
„ mid shaft 27-8 30*6 26-2 22-3.. 30-9 24-3.. 
>, dist. artic. 54 59 567 477-• 56'2 51-8.. 
London Wall. Walthamstow 
Rom.-Brit. Alluvium. 
(1) (2) (1) (2) 
max. min. max. max. min. 
207 196 209 .. 200 185 202 
657 5§'5 48 - 2.. 64 6l 48-2 
38-2 35-2 29 . . 38-1 36-6 29 
697 65-3 67-1.. 68 63-3 62-8 
The following are the dimensions of two complete tibiae 
from Rayleigh:—Extreme length, 302 (289) ; length inner 
side, 270 (262) ; width proximal articulation, 69*4 (68) ; least 
width of shaft, 33 (3i’2) ; width of distal end, 55-3 (51-6). 
Astragali. 
B. longifvons. 
Rayleigh. Cleeve Hill 
London 
Wall 
Battersea 
max. 
min. Rom.-Brit. 
Rom.-Brit. 
Alluvium. 
Length inner side 
59 ' 2 
48^8 . . 58-8 
54‘8 
787 
Width tibial articu¬ 
lation 
40 
36-4 .. 42-1 
42 
55'6 
Ditto articulation for 
scaphocuboid 
41*1 
357 • • 387 
40-6 
587 
Calcanea. Rayleigh. 
Bos longifvons. 
Cleeve Hill. London 
Walthamstow 
max. 
min. 
Rom.-Brit. Wall. 
Alluvium. 
Length .. 138 
IO97 
. . 122-8 . . — 
ii8-2 
126-2 
Height at fibu- 
lar articulation 55-4 
44 
• • 49 7 • * 55 6 . . 
47'3 • • 
487 
Width . . 40-5 
35'6 
35-1 .. 46-8 .. 
34'3 .. 
40-2 
10 Thirteen specimens from Rayleigh examined in all—10 of them belonging to the 
smaller form. 
