ARCTIC FAUNA AND FLORA AT PONDERS END. 
37 
find that they are of the stunted or dwarfed forms occurring 
only under Alpine-Arctic conditions. 
The determination of the mosses has been undertaken by 
Mr. H. N. Dixon, and he has succeeded in naming 40 or more 
species. The nearest assemblage to these would be found to-day 
in Northern Lapland. Several of these, namely Tortula aciphylla, 
Timmia norvegica, Hypnum fastigiatum, H. molle and H. 
turgescens, are now either extinct in Britain, or are confined to 
the summits of one or two of the highest mountains of Scotland. 
Full reports on the fauna and flora are being prepared, and will 
be presented to the Geological Society of London. 1 
The twigs and leaves of the dwarf Arctic willow occur in the 
greatest profusion in the deposit, but no trace of the wood 
of any larger tree has yet been found. The climatic conditions 
represented must have greatly resembled the bleak tundra of 
Northern Europe. 
No such complete or definite evidence of this late Pleistocene 
Arctic stage has previously been discovered in the South of 
England. 
LIST OF FOSSILS. 
An asterisk is placed against the most abundant species. 
The Mammalia were chiefly determined by Mr. E. T. Newton, 
F.R.S. ; the Mollusca by Messrs. A. S. Kennard, F.G.S., and 
B. B. Woodward, F.G.S. ; the Coleoptera by Mr. C. O. Water- 
house, I.S.O.; the Entomostraca, etc., by Mr. D. J. Scourfield, 
F.R.M.S., and Dr. T. Scott; the Flowering Plants by Dr. F. J. 
Lewis, M.Sc., F.Z.S., and the Mosses by Mr. H. N. Dixon, 
M.A., F.L.S. To all these gentlemen my best thanks are due 
for their kind work. 
Mammalia. 
*Elephas primigenius. Bos (or Bison). 
*Rhinoceros antiquitatis. Rangifer tarandus. (?) 
*Equus caballus. Sorex kennardi . a 
Dicrostonyx henseli 
Mollusca. 
Avion sp. *Sphyradium columella G. V. Mts. 
Limax avborum Bouch-Chant. Vertigo pavcedentata A. Brann. 
Agviolimax Icevis Mull. * J aminia musccorurn Linn. 
1 See also “ Arctic Plants from the Valley Gravels of the River Lea,” Xattire, vol. 85, p. 206 
(December 15th 1910), and “ Excursion to Ponders End and Chingford," Proc. Geol . Assoc., 
vol. xxii., 191 x, p 166. 
2 Martin A C. Hinton, Geological Magazine , dec. v., vol. viii., 1911, p. 533 - 
