1903 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
321 
back or front for wacon load 
In regard to the inquiry on page 211, 
as to whether a load draws easier in the 
front part or on hind part of a wagon, 
I agree with R. K. C., that the hind 
wheels are larger and will carry the 
load easier,” and quote below some re¬ 
sults of dynamometer tests at the Utah 
Experiment Station, as given in the 
handbook of expeinment station work 
published by the U. S. Department of 
Agriculture. “When the load was placed 
over the hind wheels it drew 10 per cent 
easier than when it was placed over the 
front wheels. Higher front wheels will 
reduce draft. Loose burrs decrease draft. 
Draft varied with the kind of axle grease 
used, lard being the best kind tried.” 
The results of tests with harrows, mow¬ 
ing machines, plows and sleds are also 
given. F. A. w. 
Cayuga Co., N. Y. 
The query regarding the relative draft 
of the front and rear wheels of a loaded • 
wagon has interested me. I find several 
factors that must be considered in 
making an estimate, first the height of 
the horses’ shoulders above point of 
hitch on wagon. Whether a team is 
pulling horizontally with the front axles 
or 20 degrees above axle level, makes a 
very noticeable difference in moving the 
front wheels over an obstruction. The 
height of the team makes no difference 
with the draft of the rear wheels. They 
are hitched, not directly to the team, 
but to the front part, which being lower, 
pulls down on the rear wheels, causing 
them to mount obstructions with about 
as much difficulty as they would If they 
were smaller. This down draft on rear 
wheels varies some with length of reach. 
"When passing through mud the rear 
wheels have the advantage of a track 
cleared by the front ones. There is less 
friction in the larger wheels, and it is 
more easily overcome because of greater 
leverage. This is of slight importance. 
’The front end of reach being held 
securely, when a rear wheel goes Into a 
hole it gives the load an impetus that 
helps to raise it again from the depres¬ 
sion. When a front wheel has the same 
opportunity, it dashes to the bottom, 
whipping the pole to one side, then 
stops. The team continues to move the 
load forward, causing the pole to swing 
the other way as far as the neck-yoke 
will allow it, then, by an extra effort, 
the team draws the wheel out. The large 
rear wheels will not sink into a small 
hole as far as the front ones. The first 
mentioned factor favors loading in front 
because the team lifts as well as draws 
on that part of the wagon. The last two 
mentioned features should influence 
teamsters to put a good part of the load 
on behind. Get the team as near the 
load as you can, and divide the weight 
about evenly between front and rear. 
W. A. T.AWRBrtVC®. 
Steuben Co., N. Y. 
THE TURPENTINE BUSINESS IN 
FLORIDA. 
Not many years ago it was thought 
that the Florida Long-leaf pine was of 
no value for the production of what is 
commercially known as naval stores, but 
with the working out of the North Caro¬ 
lina and Georgia tracts, the great Florida 
pine forests were tested and were found 
to yield results fully equaling those ob¬ 
tained in higher latitudes. A boom in 
pine products was promptly started, and 
turpentine farming wa^ inaugurated on 
a large scale. Vast tracts of land were 
purchased for the purpose, some of it 
selling for less than $1 per acre, some as 
low as 65 cents. Two dollars per acre 
seemed to be the maximum asking price; 
30,000 acres thickly wooded at Lake But¬ 
ler, Hillsborough County, are now being 
offered at that figure. Northern capital¬ 
ists have Invested freely, and are now 
scooping in the dollars at a lively rate. 
In one instance an investment of ?4,000 
yielded $30,000 In three years. It seems 
to be a quick merciless scoop without 
much regard for the future welfare of 
the State. In many cases the devastated 
tracts are not held any longer than is 
necessary to work them out and cut the 
trees into lumber, the skinned land be¬ 
ing allowed to revert to the State for 
non-payment of taxes. About three years 
are required to complete the process 
of sweeping away the forests. The prac¬ 
tice of burning over the surface every 
Winter in order to get a succulent new 
growth of Wire grass for pasturage has 
resulted in a wide-spread destruction of 
the seedling pines, and other under¬ 
growth. This has made it easy to 
“work” the surviving trees, but when 
they are gone what then? The ominous 
prospect has begun to alarm the leading 
statesmen, and some have pledged them¬ 
selves to urge in the Legislature, enact¬ 
ments for the preservation of the native 
timber. The young pines are called very 
beautiful by many who see them grow¬ 
ing in their native sand for the first time 
springing up out of the earth with long, 
gracefully curving needles forming foun¬ 
tains of living green surpassing in 
beauty some of the finer Dracaenas. The 
public in the large northern cities has of 
late years become somewhat familiar 
with their graceful plumes of foliage, 
which are used for Christmas and Easter 
decoration. High prices have prevailed 
for turpentine and rosin since January, 
and there are no indications of a drop. 
Sixty-five cents per gallon for spirits 
yields very satisfactory returns. The 
casks cost $1.50 each and freight from 
Montgomery, Ala. They are made of 
best White oak, heavily ironed, and are 
glued together in making. The interior 
of the cask is also coated with glue be¬ 
fore the turpentine is turned into it. 
J. YATES TEEK. 
Concrete for a Chimney. 
J. TV. M., Greenwood, Frt.—Will H. E. C. 
who answered my inquiry in The R. N.-Y. 
on page 213. tell me whether concrete will 
answer for chimneys? I expect to use 
stoves, so there will be no fireplaces. Will 
concrete stand the heat? If it will stand 
the heat I think it would make a much 
better chimney than brick. There are so 
many houses burned from defective brick 
chimneys. How thick do you think the 
walls ought to be? When you speak of 
small stones in concrete, what size do you 
mean, from two or three inches down, or 
larger? 
Ans.—C himneys, side walls and floors 
can be built of concrete. It seems to me 
that right here lies the secret of con¬ 
crete as a valuable building material. 
If the reader will turn to his files of The 
R. N.-Y. and read an article on con¬ 
crete in issue of June 14, 1902, he will 
find a brief account of the effect of fire 
and cold water upon concrete. It is 
quite inconceivable that this material 
could pass through a great conflagration 
and come out without blemish. But the 
facts in the case seem to bear it out. Our 
friend has certainly opened a very fruit¬ 
ful field. Defective flues are responsible 
for many fires. This is especially true 
near the roof. The chimney may settle 
a bit and the brick hold at the roof, or 
poor mortar will soon crumble and leave 
spaces between the brick. Attention is 
rarely given such things in time and 
then trouble follows. It may not be out 
of place to speak of a usual fault in 
chimney construction of whatever ma¬ 
terial, in not building them long enough. 
There seems to be a peculiar streak of 
economy practiced in this respect, and 
chimneys are built as short as possible 
to reach them with pipes. When the 
fireplace was abandoned with its long 
chimney the other extreme followed. 
Now let us go back to first principles and 
build chimneys from the ground, thus 
permitting the pipes to enter at short 
range and cutting off danger of fire. The 
small stones will largely depend upon 
the work in hand, for a thin chimney or 
side wall stones from one to inch 
will be about right. For a thick heavy 
barn or house wall two to four inches 
would be cori’espondingly satisfactory. 
You many have clean gravel that will be 
just as satisfactory. Do not use gravel 
without freeing it from dirt. Water- 
washed gravel is good. It is very gratify¬ 
ing indeed to see this disposition to 
build permanently; we have been prone 
to build only for present requirements, 
the natural result of building up a new 
country. 1 suppose the great supply of 
timber has been responsible for our 
prodigality. The extremely high cost of 
lumber has stimulated the use of more 
substantial building material, and the 
final profit will after all be greater. 
H. E. COOK. 
“STUCK UP” 
Com rows that are stuck up against a hillside 
cannot be cultivated with the ordinary culti¬ 
vator. That is just where the 
U RAUS Vxd: CULTIVATOR 
is at home. The pivot-axle which controls 
the entire machine, enables it to go against the 
hillside with a “gather.” That keeps it up to 
the work and parallel with the row. Works 
equally well on the level. Wheels and shovels 
simultaneously moved sideways by the foot 
levers. Adjustable in width. Center lever 
spreads or closes the gangs. 1, 6 or 8 shovels. 
Pin or Spring Hoe or Spring Tooth. Simplest 
in construction and easiest working cultivator 
msale. Accept no substitute. Insist on getting 
the KR-VUS. No other “just as good.” If your 
dealer does not handle it, write us. 
THE AKRON CULTIVATOR CO., DEPT. 0, AKRON, OHIO. 
YOURS 
DAYS 
30 
Snd then onra if you’re not satisfied, that it is 
most styl ish and finest finished buggy yon ever saw! 
layonrlife. Remember wo claim everything for| 
Kalamazoo Qualify 
and do not sell rat-trap jobs. Our goods stand ini 
a class by themselves. We originated the freel 
trial plan of selling bnggies on trial. Send tori 
our Rnggy Rook. It is free, and tells all about ouil 
fnll lineof ail kinds of Vehicles and Harness. 
KALAMAZOO CARRIAGE & HARNESS MFG. CO., 
142Ranson St., Kalamazoo, Mich. 
TELEPHONES 
For Farmers’ Lines. 
Organize an exchange in yonr 
community. Full particulars fur¬ 
nished. Catalogue free. 
THE NORTH ELECTRIC CO., 
152 St. Clair Street, 
C. N. 301. CLEVELAND, O. 
STONE BOAT HEAD- 
A great thing. Write for 
free catalogue and prices. 
Agpnta Wonted. 
ItlCTTARR BATES, 
12 Jarar. 8t. Portland, Bllell. 
THE MOWER 
that will cut your short grass, 
your tall grass and weeds, 
and will do all the trimming 
along fences and walks. 
Send for catalogue and 
prices. THE CLIPPER 
LAWN MOWER CO., 
Norristown, Pa. 
SS^ROOFING. 
Is not like others—It l» better. It is Fire, Wind Md 
Water-Proof, being a perfect roof in every way and at 
the same time has the advantage of being low in price. 
Fits the steepest or liattest roofs. Anybody can lay it. 
A knii'o and hammer are all the tools necessary. Saves 
you money on either new or old roofing. Sample and Cirenlan free. 
THE A P. SWAN CO.. 114 Nassau St., NEW YORK. 
UBBER-TIRE TOP BUGGY gg.7Q 
With _Top Shafts and 
D_ 
■ R everything complete for I 
■ K. VWHJWHEN YOD BUY DIRECT 
FROM OUR FACTORY 
■at—Yon Bare Dealen Profit. 
2d—You geteoBtom-madework, 
fid—You get two year guaranty. 
4th—Salltfitetioa and Bafo deliv¬ 
ery guaranteed or money refun¬ 
ded and vre pay freight ohargei. 
fingglea $21.50; BunabouU$28; Pheatona |46.M; Harneaa $4.25. 
Don’t bny a Rig until yon see our full line of 
CUSTOM-MADE VEHICLES. 
IVrite today for Money Saving Catalogue. 
U.s. BUGGY & CART CO., B 227 CINCINNATI. OHIO. 
30 YEARS SELLINfi DIRECT 
We are the largest manufacturs of vehicles and har 
ness in the world selling to consumers exolusively. 
WE HAVE NO AGENTS. 
but ship anywhere for examination, guaranteeing safe 
delivery. You are out nothing If not satisfled. We 
make 196 styles of vehicles and 66 styles of harness. 
Large Catalogue FREE—Send for it 
Visiiora are always welcome at our factory 
ElKIIART CARRIACE A HARNESS BFG. Co., RLKtlART, HID. 
Ho.796Driving Wagon. Priee$37. Asgoodaasells 
for$25morp.ExtraRin. Kelly Rubber Tire fil 3. 
Bugg^^ 
4 Made throughout of second growth 
^ selected cleur hickory that Is split, X \\ 
L 1^ not sawed. Has long distance axles, extra W / 
nof sawed. Has long distance axles, extra 
roomy bed, quarter leather top,man:M)ption8 
Soifc 30 DAYS’ FliEE TRIAL 
OFFEltEU. Oar catalogue tells all about vehicles 
r and harness ut bnrgain prices, quotes Pi’ll!®®.9^1 
everything on four wheels for horse lovers. Send today. 
OHIO CARRIA6E MF6. CO., ciacil.ni.ti’. &aio. 
245 
Stylis 
Tehicifit 
and 
Hiraiit 
CUT THIS AD OUT 
and send to us and 
we will mail you 
Free our 1903 spe¬ 
cial vehicle and harness catalogue. Ithas always been the most complete book printed, ancf for 
1903 itis more complete then over. Itis the standard from which others figure—we lead, the 
others follow. Top Buggies 27.90. The greatest buggy oiler ever made al 
941.70 Top Buggies with guaranteed rubber tires at 94B.00. 45stylesta 
select from. Surreys with canopy and extension tops, $46.76 to $112. Phaetons, Driv¬ 
ing Wagons,Spring Wagons, etc. 145 styles vehicles, 98 styles harness to select from. 
UfC pil IQ I UTre every vehicle for 2 years and guarantee safe delivery. Wo 
n t UUAnAn I LC will ship you any vehicle without any money with order. 
Don’t buy unlit you gel our catalog and seo our wonderful otters. 
MAKVIN SMITH CO., 55-57-59 North Jeffersoo Street, Chicago, Illinois. 
i P U E Pulverizing Harrow 
A w IWI El Clod Crusher and Le 
Sizes 
3 T013 1-2Frbt. 
Agents 
Wanted 
Levelar 
SENT ON TRIAL 
To be returned at my expense if not satisfaetpry. 
The best pulverizer—cheapest Riding Har¬ 
row on earth. We also make walk¬ 
ing Acmes. The Acme 
crushes, cuts, pulverizes, 
turns and levels all 
soils for all pur¬ 
poses. Made en- 
^ tirely of cast steel 
and wrought iron 
—indestructible. 
Catalog and Booklet, *‘An Ideal Harrow^" by Henry Stewart, mailed free. 
I deliver free on board at New York, Chlcato, Colntnbai, Loaisrllle, Kaiifiafi City, MIoDeapolls, Saa Pranclico, etc. 
Addreu DUANB H. NASH. 50LB MANUFACTURER - MILUNOTON. NEW JERSEY. 
A FIFTY YEARS’ 
Adriance 
farm Machinery 
^ives the best service 
for the longest time 
at the least 
expense 
Adriance 
\ 
Farm 
Machinery. 
For Cultivating, Haying, 
Grain and Corn Harvesting. 
RECORD 
Adriance, Platt & Co ^Established 1855. 
Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
Send fur Free Catalogue B. 
