1903 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
383 
nodular disease of sheep. 
The “nodular disease” of sheep and 
less frequently of cattle, is caused by a 
minute worm from one-half to four- 
fifths inch in length, having a peculiar¬ 
ly dilated mouth and gullet, the former 
surrounded by a row of sharp conical 
teeth, which are sunk into the mucous 
membrane of the intestine to draw the 
blood. The eggs are laid in the intes¬ 
tine, pass out with the feces, and hatch¬ 
ing outside the young embryo worms 
are taken in with the food or water. 
These microscopic embryos make their 
way into the walls of the Intestine and 
encyst themselves, creating irritation 
which causes the formation of the light 
greenish, cheesy nodules. In the small¬ 
est nodules, no larger than a pin head, 
the worm may be found from one-third 
to four millimeters in length. When it 
attains to four millimeters it breaks its 
way out into the intestine, where it be¬ 
comes mature and lays the eggs for the 
coming generation. The mature worms 
are found in the large intestine from 
the blind gut backward, but the encysted 
v/orms and nodules are found along the 
whole length of the bowel, and even in 
some of the adjoining organs like the 
liver. The mature worms are not easily 
reached by medicine, being so far back 
of the mouth and stomach. The larval 
encysted worms are practically beyond 
the reach of medicine. The best meas- 
sures are those of prevention, by cutting 
off the worm at some stage of its de¬ 
velopment. The invasion of the intes¬ 
tine by the embryo worms takes place 
mainly in the Fall, the worms living in 
the sheep during the Winter, so that the 
cold season is the period of the forma¬ 
tion and abundance of the nodules. In 
late Summer and Pall therefore sheep 
should be turned on newly-seeded pas¬ 
tures, that have been several years in 
cultivation, and have not been previous¬ 
ly pastured. Their water should be 
from deep rock wells thoroughly cement¬ 
ed to prevent surface seepage, or it 
should be from flowing fountains or 
well preserved cisterns, or finally it 
sboiild be boiled. In this way the worms 
are prevented from entering the bowels 
of the sheep, and not only are the latter 
protected themselves, but they are pre¬ 
vented from becoming the propagators 
of a new brood for the following year. 
By subjecting the sheep pastures in turn 
to a rotation of cultivated crops, and by 
putting the flock in Fall or late Summer 
on the newly-seeded pastures, the worms 
may be gradually eliminated from the 
flock instead of increasing to a destruc¬ 
tive extent as has been the common ex¬ 
perience in the past. james law. 
Cornell University. 
CEMENT FLOORS FOR HOG PENS. 
I beg to differ from your correspondent 
who says, on page 318, that cement floors 
for hogpens are no good. If he speaks 
from experience I would say that he prob¬ 
ably did not keep enough litter or bedding 
on the floor. It should always be kept cov¬ 
ered—not one little corner, but the whole 
floor—and then it is warmer than any other 
floor and has none of the alleged defects 
on account of hardness. The worth of a 
thing depends, quite often, on how you look 
at it. A neighbor said that his pigs were 
not doing well as the floor in his pen was 
too tight, whiie I myself had replaced a 
loose plank floor with one of cement for 
the purpose of getting a floor that was 
tight. My hogs’ quarters on the cement 
floors are always reasonably dry, and as 
regards crippled hogs and rheumatic hogs, 
I have never seen them and do not know 
why I should. There should be an outer 
yard, also cement floored, as a receptacle 
for manure and rejected bedding, and there 
will not be much extra work in keeping 
the houses dry, as hogs when given a 
chance are cleanly in their habits. With 
this management the hogpen is the farm¬ 
er’s best fertilizer factory. The manure of 
swine is concentrated, and together with 
the liquid portions, is properly saved and 
diluted with an abundance of litter. With 
the old plank-floored hogpen with plenty of 
ventilation under, as your correspondent 
suggests, and with the outer yard little 
better than a mud hole, the manure from 
the hog department was nearly all lost. 
Now with the same number of animals 
kept, load after load is hauled out and it 
is telling on the land where it is placed. 
Q. DAVIS. 
My experience with stone and cement 
hogpens is somewhat different from C. F. 
Boshart’s. I will admit that the wooden 
building is driest, but a stone building, if 
properly made, will not be damp enough to 
cause any Injury to stock. What we call 
our main hogpen is 32x16 feet, cistern under 
half of it, or in other words, cistern is 29 
feet long, six feet wide, and six feet in 
depth in center of arch; on the top of the 
cistern is stone about two feet deep, 
then three inches fine crushed stone and 
three inches of cement. Now after using 
this for two years we refloored our other 
pons in like manner excepting there is no 
cistern underneath, and the stone under¬ 
pinning is about 15 inches. In Winter we 
try to keep the floor well covered with 
straw or cornstalks; in warmer weather 
the floors are bare. We had one 800-pound 
hog that we kept on this floor during the 
Winter, and with all the hogs that we have 
had we have had none Injured by slipping 
or by dampness. We are so well satisfied 
with the cement floor that we expect to 
add another pen 18x32 feet. That will make, 
all counted. 2,432 feet of cement floor. 
I. J. BLACKWELL. 
More Kicking Cows Cured. 
I will suggest to our Hope Farm friend 
tnat he try my kicking remedy on his cow 
Julia. lioop a strap or rope around her 
hind leg and make it fast to a stake or a 
ring in the barn, and milk, and she will 
soon get tired of kicking. In a week only 
the strap need be looped around and she 
will be good. a. w. p. 
Alabama. 
I have read of your trouble with Julia. 
Here is what one man does with a cow 
that kicks. He has a short strap buckled 
together to fit over the front leg of cow 
(leg next the milker); when foot is brought 
up towards body, slip strap on, have short 
stick to slip in beside strap so it does not 
slip off. As this is something I never heard 
of I thought It worth trying. k. c. 
Pennsylvania. 
Homemade Soap.— I think the Hope Farm 
man and Mr. Smith, of Georgia, both are 
correct in the matter of giving soapy dish 
water to pigs. Note that Mr. Smith says, 
‘‘homemade soap containing hickory and 
oak ashes.” You, yourself, recommend 
ashes for hogs. This homemade soap is a 
very different thing from the soap made 
of chemicals for bleaching clothes, and if 
this is used in dishwater I think it better 
not be given to animals for food. 
Warren Co., Pa. BYRON eldred. 
Your dog notes would hardly be so en¬ 
thusiastic had you my experience this 
Winter. I have lost 10 head of stock from 
rabies, three horses, cow and calf, and fivo 
hogs, but am very thankful no member of 
the family was bitten, although we ran 
desperate chances. Recently I was called 
to the ’phone to hear that a neighbor liv¬ 
ing five miles east of here, was bitten in 
the hand by a dog while getting his mall 
from rural free delivery box n'.ar his 
house. The dog had bitten several sheep 
also and escaped. Take my advice and 
plant that dog of yours near a peach tree 
for a high-grade fertilizer. c. w. r. 
Clark’s Hill. Ind. 
When you write advertisers mention The 
R. N.-Y. and you will get a quick reply and 
‘‘a square deal.” See guarantee 8th page. 
Horse Owners! Use 
QOMBAUIiT’S 
Caustic 
Balsam 
A Safe, Speed;, and PosItlTe Care 
The safest. Best BLISTER ever used. Takes 
the place of all Itnaments for mild or severe action. 
Removes all Bunches or Blemishes from Horses 
and Cattle, SUPERSEDES ALL CAUTERY 
OR FIRING. Impossible to produce scar orblemish 
Every bottle sold Is warranted to give satisfaction 
Price 81.60 per bottle. Sold by druggists, or sent 
by express, charges paid, with full directions for 
its use. Send for descriptive circulars. 
THE LAWRENCE-WILIJAMS CO., Cleveland. O. 
Short Weights Make Short Purses 
^ * A^ 5 ^ “I cannot affurd fo be without a 
8<!ale any longer,” wrote an On- 
i^ood buyer. Can yoiit Our prlcea 
and terms arc very reasonable 
for high grade scales. Free 
Catalogue. Osgood 8cale to.,lOSCenlral St.y Kinghamton, N.Y. 
Elder’s Stanchion 
—being an i mprovement over 
Smith’s. Lightest, strongest, 
qnlckest, safest swing stanchioK 
mad^HaasteeUatch andaotomatlc 
lock.fA Becomes stationary when 
open. Animalcannotturnitlo back¬ 
ing ont. Madeof best seasoned hard 
wood. Pins for fastening with every 
stanchion. Send for Ustfanonlala 
J.lt. WILDER* SONS, 
UARn PAOTQ 
ABOUT CR EAM SE PARATORS. 
The HARD FACTS which concern the in¬ 
tending purchaser of a cream separator—whether 
for factory or farm use—are briefly these: 
That a DE LAVAL Cream Separator is as 
much superior to imitating machines as such other 
separators are to gravity setting systems. 
That protecting patents make and keep them so— 
together with far greater experience and superior facili¬ 
ties in every way for cream separator manufacture. 
That every big and experienced user of cream 
separators knows this and uses De Laval machines 
exclusively—both in factory and farm sizes. 
That it is as foolish to-day to buy other than 
a De Laval separator as it would be to buy an 
old-fashioned mower if an up-to-date combined reaper 
and self-binder could be had for the same money. 
The De Laval Separator Co. 
Randolph & Canal Sts.. 
CHICAGO. 
1213 Filbert Street, 
PHILADELPHIA. 
217-221 Drumm St., 
SAN FRANCISCO. 
Oenef’al Offices: 
74 CORTLANDT STREET, 
NEW YORK. 
121 Youville Square, 
MONTREAL. 
75 & 77 York Street, 
TORONTO . 
248 McDermot Avenue, 
WINNIPEG. 
The Empire Cream Sepa 
rater turns more easily, is 
more easily cleaned and 
kept clean, is more satisfac¬ 
tory in every way than any 
other cream separator made, 
because it is simplest in con¬ 
struction and has fewest 
parts. It will pay you to 
investigate. Book free. 
Empire Cream Separator Co. 
Bloomfield, N. J. 
H'tstern office,Fishtr Bldg-., Chicago. 
THE 
EmpireWa\ 
IMAKfSC«>WsPA\ 
THB CHAIN-HANGINO 
Cattle Stanchion 
Tbe most practical and humane Fastener ever In- 
.vented. Gives perfect freedom of the head. Illustrated 
Circular and Price free on application. Manufactured 
hr O. H. ROBRRTSON, ForestviUe, Conn. 
CREAM EXTRACTOR 
This is a genuine 
FREE 
offer made to introduce the Peoples 
Cream Extractor In every neighbor¬ 
hood. It la the best and simplest in 
the world. We ask that you show it to 
your neighbors who have cows. Send 
your name and the name of the near¬ 
est freight office. Address 
PEOPLES SUPPLY CO,, 
Dept. 86. Kansas City, Mo. 
A Revolution in Dairying 
We can prove that the Plymouth Cream Extractor has 
more points of excellence than 
any other. Here are a few: Milk 
not mixed with water. Removable 
inner can. Inner can has center 
tube which Is also water recep¬ 
tacle. Water distributed equally 
around and under Inner can; also 
through center tube, giving great¬ 
est possible cooling surface. No 
water required five months in the 
year. New and origlnalfaucet; im¬ 
possible to leak or sour. You’ll be 
sorry If you buy any other before 
investigating this. Send for 
catalog. PLYMOUTH CREAM 
SEPARATOR COMPANY, Plymouth, Ohio. 
rUAMPION 
Milk Cooler—Aeralorj 
gives delloftte flAvors In mllkt butter and f 
cheese. Removes nil oow »nd uUble odort I 
end dlseese germs &nd mekee milk keep I 
30 hours longer. Write for our free book-1 
let, **Mllk and Its Care.” Full tine of| 
Milk Dealer’s Supplies always on band* 
Champion Milk Coolor Co«- 
17 Squires Street, Cortland, New York. | 
PRESCOTT’S 
WINGING 
WIVEL 
TANCIIION 
KEEPS COWS CLEAN 
Swings forward while get¬ 
ting up or lying down. Locks 
back while standing. Full 
particulars free. PRESCOTT, 
50 Beverly St., Boston, Mass- 
There are many reasons why the Improved 
U. S. SEPARATOR IS THE ONE TO BUY 
Below are a few of them ; 
Costs no more than inferior machines 
Gets More Cream out of the Milk 
Is less expensive to operate 
Increases the quantity 
Improves the quality 
Will wear longer 
Soons pays for itself 
Has its gears enclosed 
Bowl has few parts to wash 
Has simple selLemptying Bowl 
Has many other points of superiority 
More fully described in our catalogues 
which are free for the asking, all making 
The U. S. Separator the Standard Separator of the World 
For Western customers, we transfer our separators from Chicago, I.aCrosse, Miiiueapolis, 
Sioux City and Omaha. Address all letters to Bellows Falls, Vt. 
Vermont Farm Machine Co., Bellows Falls, Vt. 
305J 
