522 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
July 28 
Stock and Dairy 
“BRAIN WORK” IN THE LOWER 
ANIMALS. 
Reasoning or “Instinct.” 
Part I. 
Extracts from a Lecture by Prof. A. E. 
Moore. 
Development of Intelligence. —We 
know that the whole of the nervous sys¬ 
tem, the chief parts of the organs of 
special sense, originates from what is 
known in embryology as the epiblast. We 
notice, at a very early stage, the de¬ 
velopment of the brain and spinal cord 
(only a few hours in the case of the 
chick); this continues to grow, and even 
grows out of proportion to the rest of 
the uody, which is especially noticeable 
in the human being. Thus we see that 
Nature begins early to develop such an 
important organ, or collection of organs, 
as some authors term the brain. It is 
interesting to compare the development 
of a young animal with that of a child. 
There is a certain stage 'in the fetal de¬ 
velopment, that no man has 'been able 
to distinguish whether the fetus would 
become an animal or man, if separated 
from the mother. At birth both have 
the so-called instinct to find and suck 
their food, the babe being the more help¬ 
less. The young animal makes rapid 
strides; he soon learns to play and to 
frolic about, and, in a very short time, 
takes care of himself; while the infant 
develops much more slowly, and needs 
careful care and nursing. The higher 
up in the scale animals are, the more 
helpless their young seem to be. 
Phenomena of Instinct. —There are 
certain phenomena, not classed as rea¬ 
soning, which cannot be explained, and, 
for convenience sake, are called instinct. 
Some authors condemn this term, and 
say it is only a convenient way of cover¬ 
ing up ignorance. Many confuse these, 
and attribute to instinct in other animals 
what would he assigned to reason in 
man. Some of our -most eminent nat¬ 
uralists define instinct, first, as inherited 
experience; second, it is only a lower or 
obscure kind or form of intelligence or 
reason; third, instinct is not a thing, 
power, or faculty, but only a mode of 
action, common to all classes of mental 
aptitudes. Such forms of intelligence 
as self-preservation, care for the young 
by mothers, they call instinct. Reason¬ 
ing would be when an animal plans and 
carries out an idea; for instance, we had 
a horse that would take out the pin of 
the stable door with his teeth, and would 
unfasten and lift the lid of the oat-box. 
He must have reasoned somewhat in this 
way (his object being the pleasure of 
eating the oats). “To obtain them 1 
must open that door”; and he finds from 
experience, or perhaps from accident, 
that when the pin comes out, the door 
opens; he also reasons that before he 
can get the grain he must raise the lid 
of the box. 
An Intelligent Horse.—A friend of 
mine had a horse that was in the habit 
of talcing the children to school in the 
morning, and he was left to return home 
by himself. One day, Instead of going 
home, he went to the blacksmith’s shop 
(which was quite out of his usual route). 
The smith tried to send him away, 
thinking he had wandered from home, 
but the animal persisted in remaining. 
Finally the horse held up one foot, and 
the smith examined it, and found 
a stone wedged in between the 
frog and Shoe. The stone was re¬ 
moved, and the intelligent creature went 
straight home. Surely there was much 
reasoning in this case, as well as the 
exercise of memory, which I will consid¬ 
er later. 
The “Slyness” of the Fox.—All in¬ 
stincts are capable of being lost. They 
also may be changed; as birds that al¬ 
ways build their nests with wood, if 
wood cannot be obtained, will use mud 
or some other substances. Again, in¬ 
stincts may be greatly modified by in¬ 
telligence. For example: While hunting 
one Summer, we came upon a fox’s den. 
Before approaching we saw the two old 
foxes and four young ones basking in 
the sun. The old ones soon scented us, 
and quickly coaxed the young ones into 
the den. By this time our dog was upon 
the track which happened to be that of 
the female. The male fox, realizing this, 
crossed the female’s track, and led the 
dogs away on his own. This was all 
done before our eyes. My companion 
remained near the den. He was an old 
hunter, and knew that the female would 
soon return to care for her young. The 
male fox, in the meantime, started in a 
straight, instead of the usual circular 
course, and led the dog miles away. I 
think in this case the instinct of self- 
preservation and care for the young was 
greatly modified by intelligence, the so- 
called slyness of the fox being in reality 
intelligence. 
Instinct and Self Control.—D r. 
Lindsay says, in his Mind in Lower Ani¬ 
mals: “Even in the lower races of man 
instinct often predominates over reason, 
impulsive over deliberate actions, while 
in many of the lower animals, such as 
well-trained, well-bred dogs, reason pre¬ 
dominates over instinct, reflection over 
impulse.” A well-trained elephant that 
becomes bogged in quicksand, often 
seizes its keeper and tramples him under 
foot; the instinct of self-preservation 
causes the animal to forget all its obe¬ 
dience and discipline. On the other 
hand, the result of reason is illustrated 
by a team of Eskimo dogs, watching 
over the carcass of a reindeer for hours, 
and at last delivering it up untouched to 
their masters, the sense of hunger here 
being overcome, the extra temptation 
successfully resisted. Education, train¬ 
ing, discipline, involving it may be a 
wholesome dread of punishment, over¬ 
comes natural appetites. Another illus¬ 
tration of self control, as a result of 
reason, is the case of a Collie dog be¬ 
longing to a friend, who had just 
brought him across from Scotland. The 
dog had been ill during the voyage, and 
did not relish any food. A few days 
after landing, he began to feel better; 
and his master offered him a piece of 
liver (of which he was particularly 
fond). The poor fellow seized it eagerly, 
when his master said in an undertone, 
“Greedy!” He instantly dropped it, 
went off and lay down, and would not 
touch the food again until he was given 
permission. As in man, the amount of 
intelligence varies. Some animals will 
do certain things without being taught, 
while it would be impossible to teach 
others.___ 
MY FRIEND, THE DAIRY COW. 
Part II. 
Some of the land was so barren that it 
was difficult to start any vegetation at 
all growing. I plowed one field quite 
shallow, and made a good seed bed. I 
sowed some rye in the Fall, but by 
Spring very little was left. Again I 
prepared the seed bed, and sowed cow 
peas; these gave me a fair growth. 
“Now I plowed those under”; that is 
the old story, but I did no such thing. 
I cut them all and fed them carefully to 
my cows. They relished them much 
•more than brushes, and did exceedingly 
well on them. The effect of that growth 
of cow peas was almost magical; noth¬ 
ing but the roots, stubble and such 
leaves as dropped off were left, but the 
next Spring I had a good covering of 
rye, which I turned under, and used lime 
(20 bushels to the acre), with a very 
light dressing of manure on the worst 
parts of the field. That Summer I grew 
enough corn to cut 12 tons of silage to 
the acre. Good tillage, and plenty of it, 
cow peas, and lime have done wonders 
for me. 
The boy unable to solve a problem in 
arithmetic tries until he becomes so 
confused that he says he cannot even 
try again. Thus it is with some of our 
soil; it has been so abused again and 
again, over and over, that it will not re¬ 
spond to any ordinary treatment. Lead 
that boy helpfully to help himself, con¬ 
vince him that success crowns efforts 
along correct lines. Treat the soil like 
the boy, give it a start, but manage to 
compel the soil to do its part from the 
start. Commercial fertilizers are all 
right and a good thing in many cases, 
but if a young man without capital 
wishes to build a home he has a perfect 
right to draw on the locked-up fertility 
that our ancestors knew not how to 
utilize. But if a man has discovered a 
key to unlock this fertility that was 
placed in safe keeping by the Creator, a 
responsibility rests on him. If he han¬ 
dles it carelessly and allows it to escape, 
or wantonly wastes it, he robs his de¬ 
scendants of their birthright. 
The true farmer is the man who can 
crop his land annually, and every time 
leave it in a better condition than it 
was before. Don’t understand that I ob¬ 
ject to feeding, or adding plant food to 
the soil, but what I do object to is the 
buying of commercial fertilizer on a 
year’s time, and the crop risk to pay for 
it, just because it is so convenient to 
handle and apply. Instead of purchasing 
the nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash 
all nicely mixed ready to drill in at 16 
cents, six cents, and five cents per pound, 
•respectively, I buy it in the wheat bran, 
linseed meal, cotton-seed meal, gluten 
feeds, etc., feed it to the right kind of 
cows, and make profit No. 1. With pro¬ 
per management, the original fertilizing 
ingredients nearly all reappear in the 
manure heap, which when applied gives 
profit No. 2. Right here is where the 
dairy cow appears as an important 
factor. l. w. LIGHTY. 
Adams Co., Pa. 
The Muscovy Duck. —It is said that 
everything is 'good in its place, and it is 
probably true, but I have never found 
the place for Muscovy ducks. In the 
first place, they are a nuisance, as they 
can fly nearly equal to a wild duck, and 
into every kind of mischief they can 
find, taking their bath in the watering 
trough intended for horses and cows to 
drink from, chase the other poultry in a 
way to suit themselves, and occasionally 
kill a few young chickens for a change. 
They are the poorest layers of any of our 
domestic ducks that I know anything 
about, usually laying but a single clutch 
of eggs before wanting to sit, though I 
believe tuey usually hatch well, and rear 
a good share of their broods, usually 
rearing a second brood during the sea¬ 
son, but this appears like a doubtful ad¬ 
vantage, as it is increasing the nuisance. 
There are comparatively few markets 
where they can be sold to advantage, 
usually selling a few cents per pound 
lower than other ducks, and some deal¬ 
ers will not handle them at all, although 
•when well fed and well cooked (the only 
way I should want them about my place) 
they are apparently equal to other kinds 
of ducks. j. e. s. 
may "‘throw a curb,” “start a 
splint,” “sprain a cord,” “de¬ 
velop a spavin, thrush, or 
grease heel.” etc. They are all 
bad, but don’t be alarmed. 
Get a bottle or two of 
Tuttle’s Elixir. 
It cures all these troubles andColic, 
Distem per, Founder, Pneu m onia,& c 
Used and endorsed by Adams KxpresaCo. 
Dr. S. A. Tuttle. Wolcott, Vt., July 15,1898. 
Dear Sir:—1 have doctored horses for the last 25 years, and I 
think your Elixir the best liniment I have ever uesd, and I would 
recommend it to any one, C. M, GUYER. 
TUTTLE’S FAMILY ELIXIR cures rheumatism, sprains, 
bruises, etc. Kills pain instantly. Our 100-page book, 
“Veterinary- Experience,” FREE. 
Dr. S, A. TUTTLE, 30 Beverly St., Boston, Mass. 
lii-ivare of ko ualleii Elixirs—none genuine hut Tuttle’s. 
A void all blisters j they o or only temporary relief if any 
Breeders’ Directory. 
Chester Whites, Holsteins and Choice Eggs. 
A fine lot of young sows bred for Fall litters. 
Holstein-Friesian Bull Calves of extra breeding 
Light Brahma and B. Rock Eges; 15 for 75 cents. 
CHAS. K. RECORD. Peterboro. N. Y. 
ran CAI C— a thoroughbred holstein 
lUn OALC BULL CALF. Well marked and of 
best breeding. Will be sold at farmers’price. Write 
at once. W. W. CHEN BY, Manlius, N. Y. 
COD CAI E — From one to a carioad of fine 
lUn OALEL Red Short-Horn Calves; alBO, 
Southdown Lambs and large English Berkshires, 
all crated at low prices. 
ISON & LITSEY, Harrodsburg, Ky. 
8T. LAMBERT and Combination. For sale 5 Cows, 
7 Heifers, lfi Bulls. S. E. N1VIN, Landenburg. Pa, 
Some GOOD young 
JERSEY BOLL CALVES 
FOK SALE at fair prices. No PIjUG 8 nor un 
registered for sale at any price. 
B. F. SHANNON, 907 Liberty 8t., Pittsburg, Pa. 
DELLHURST FARM, 
MENTOR, OHIO, 
has nearly 30 Holstein Ball Calves to select 
from, and offers sons of DeKol's Butter Boy No 
19210, Royal Paul 22979 and others, having the much 
talked-of Pauline Paul and DeKol cross. Our Herd 
now numbers 150 head. Stock of all ages and both 
sexes for sale from Advanced Registry cows. 
Coarse Wool Ewes, with Lambs, from 
four to 10 weeks old; weigh from 15 to 45 
pounds. Will sell cheap, if taken at once. 
B. L. HURD, Whallonsburgh, N. Y. 
Ohropshire Lambs.—Ewes and Rams, high grades 
extra good, blocky, well bui't, for Breeders, August 
delivery. Price, *7 to $10 ea. W. A. Lothers, Lack, Pa 
DfT I AMD PUIM AQ— Ijar * e strain, purebred 
I ULAN U"Un I find Poland-Chlna Pigs for salo 
$5 each when they are eight to ten weeks old. 
F. H. GATES & SONS, Chittenango, N. Y. 
Aftl I 1C DIIDC frora registered stock. 
uUkLlC I Uiw Spayed females. Circulars 
free. SILAS DECKER, South Montrose, Pa. 
on 
DEATH TO LICE 
D. J. LAMBKBT 
HENS and CHICKHN8 
64-page book frsi. 
Box 307. Apponaug. B. I. 
Death to Heaves, 
Coughs and Distemper, 
is NEWTON'S CURE. 
Best references. $1 V can. 
Newton House Remedy 
Co. (Yi, Toledo, O. 
The Mystic* 
SPRAYER; 
sH 
One quart of Killer and a Sprayer furnished 
on receipt of $1.00. Will free cattle of flies. 
Is sure to give satisfaction. 
LEGGETT & BR0., 301 Pearl St., NEW YORK. 
SH00-FLY 
The only positive protection for Horses and Cow* 
NO FLIES, TICKS, VERMIN OR SORES 
Pre vents Charbon and Texas Cattle Fever, becanse 
these diseases are spread by flies and ticks. Thou¬ 
sands duplicate 10 gallons. Beware of imitations. One 
cent’s worth saves 3 quarts of milk and much flesh. 
Don't wait till cows are dry and horses are poor. If 
your dealer does not keep it, send us 25 cents for sam¬ 
ple. Money refunded if cows are not protected. 
SH00»FLY MFG. CO.,1005 Falrmount Ave., Phila, Pa. 
LUMP JAW 
Easily and thoroughly cured- 
New, common-sense method, < 
not expensive. N® cure, ; 
pay. FliKE. A practical, ill ■, 
ustrated treatise on the abao 
lute cure of Lump Jaw, free to 
readersof thispaper. 
Fleming Bros., chemists, i 
Halos Stock Yards, Chicago, IIL , 
The Best Cattle Fastening- ’justing Swing 
Stanchion. The only practical Swing Stanchion 
invented. Thousands in use. Illustrated circular 
free. Glenora Meg. Co.. Glenora, Yates Co.. N. Y. 
THE CHAIN HANGING 
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The most practical and humane FaBtener ever In- 
rented. Gives perfeot freedom of the head. Illus¬ 
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Manufactured by O. H. BOBMBTSON, 
Fnresvvliie. Conn. 
& COW TIE 
hem firmly, drawe 
irward when lying 
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The Domestic Sheep. 
Its Culture and General Management. 
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