September 15 
622 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
CROSS SECTION OF TREE. Fig. 222. 
Bark removed from 1 to 2. 
May 29 and 30 died. Those of June 9 and 19 lived, 
while of those removed on June 30, July 10 and 20, 
only a portion of the cambium survived, the amount 
surviving being greater in the earlier strippings. It 
must be remembered that these were old trees, 
which had ceased to grow vigorously, where, as has 
been stated, exposed cambium frequently dies with¬ 
out apparent cause. A careful examination of the 
meteorological record for the season showed no ap¬ 
parent connection between the weather conditions 
at the time when bark was removed and the re¬ 
sults. Lack of material prevented the duplication 
on trees of varying ages and conditions, which would 
have added value to this work. The results are too 
contradictory to justify positive conclusions. 
Strange to say, the action of wind or sunlight 
upon exposed cambium does not seem to be detri¬ 
mental. The new bark seems to form quite as 
readily where exposed to the sun as where not, and 
the action of a drying southwest wind seemed 
to have no detrimental effect whatever. The slight¬ 
est mechanical injury to the freshly-bared tissue is, 
however, quite serious. The effect of a finger-nail 
dent was visible the ensuing Autumn, showing as a 
raised welt. Deeper and more extensive injuries 
were proportionally serious. Slips of the knife in 
taking off the bark afforded very instructive evi¬ 
dence on this point. Where the slip was in the 
same direction as the grain of the wood the injury 
showed at the end of the season as a ridge of newly- 
formed tissue, but where the cut was across the grain 
the cambium usually died for a half inch or more, 
both above and below the injury. Figs. 225 and 226 
illustrate this point; the injury here being done by 
sheep. These facts are of importance as indicating 
the best treatment for accidental injuries, such as 
arise from whiffletrees, etc. The common method of 
treating such barked places is to rub dirt or mud 
into the wound, under the mistaken impression that 
these substances, by keeping out the air will facilitate 
healing, whereas the mechanical injury to the tender 
cambium usually destroys whatever chance it had of 
surviving. 
If strips of bark be removed from vigorously grow¬ 
ing apple trees in late Spring or early Summer, the 
exposed cambium will not die, but will form new 
bast and continue growing. The success of the 
operation depends almost wholly on the vigor of the 
tree. This is not a vitalizing but a devitalizing 
process, and should be used, if at all, only as a means 
of throwing an over-luxuriant and persistently-barren 
tree into fruiting. The action of the sun and wind 
upon such exposed cambium does not seem to be in¬ 
jurious, but any mechanical injury to the freshly- 
bared tissue is serious. The extent of the injury 
coming from abrasions of the soft cambium is 
greater when the injury has a transverse trend than 
when it is longitudinal. n. o. booth. 
Missouri Experiment Station. 
FRAUDULENT LEMONADE THIS TIME. 
The Oleo Fraud Over Again. 
During the past few weeks New Yorkers have been 
startled by announcements of cheap lemonade. 
Wagons have been driving about the streets bearing 
big signs announcing “Eiffel Tower lemonade at one 
cent a glass. This sticky, yellow fluid has been of¬ 
fered for sale at every corner, and packages bearing 
the same name have been sold at grocery and drug 
stores. These packages bear the picture of a lemon 
and the statement that this lemonade is absolutely 
pure, and contains no foreign substance. Immense 
quantities of this lemonade were being sold; so much 
so, in fact, that the trade in pure lemonade was seri¬ 
ously injured. There is an organization in New York 
known as the Fruit Importers’ Union. Its object is to 
protect importers of fruit against fraud, and its offi¬ 
cers employed a lawyer and chemist to investigate 
this “Eiffel Tower lemonade.” Analysis showed that 
there was practically no free lemon juice in the 
stuff. There was a small quantity of oil of lemon, 
while the stuff was colored a brilliant yellow with a 
filthy aniline dye. It was one of the boldest frauds 
ever attempted in this city, and that is saying a great 
deal. The lawyers obtained an injunction to prevent 
the sale of this stuff under the name of lemonade, the 
convincing argument being that lemonade represented 
clearly a definite mixture of lemon juice, water and 
sugar. As there was absolutely no lemon in this mix¬ 
ture, the lawyer claimed that it was illegal and crim¬ 
inal to use the word “lemon” or “lemonade” in con¬ 
nection with it. It would not have been so bad if the 
makers had not boldly declared that it was pure lemon 
juice. This was one of the most foolish lies ever at¬ 
tempted by those who seek to sell bogus or adul¬ 
terated foods. 
This action of the Fruit Importers’ Union was just 
exactly right. Naturally pure lemonade could not be 
sold at a fair price, while this stuff was going at one 
cent a glass. It would be impossible to buy lemons 
and sugar and compete with any such figure. It was 
just the old story gone over in connection with oleo. 
The Eiffel Tower people fixed up a mixture that was 
yellow and sour. To that extent and no more, was 
it lemonade. The mixture of lemon and sugar had 
acquired a certain reputation in the market, and these 
Eiffel Tower frauds undertook to live on that reputa¬ 
tion. In other words, they attempted to sell their 
cheap ana filthy mixture for pure lemonade. In one 
way, they were not so extortionate as the oleo people, 
for they did not attempt to obtain lemon prices for 
their goods. The oleo people make up a cheap mix¬ 
ture of colored fats, pretend that it is butter, and try 
to obtain butter prices for it. All these things show 
what the farmer must do in order to protect his mar¬ 
ket. These cheap counterfeit substances are con¬ 
stantly coming before the public. The consumers are 
STRIPPED BARK WITH LIVING CAMBIUM. Fig. 223. 
From photograph of cross section of apple wood and bark at edge 
of where bark was removed. The cambium lived in this case. 
not interested enough to put up a fight against them. 
This must be done by the producers whose market is 
destroyed by these frauds. It is safe to say that if 
they do not do it, it will never be done. 
THE CROPS ON AN ILLINOIS FARM. 
Reaching from Cairo 388 miles north to the Wis¬ 
consin line, covering about 5% degrees of latitude, 
Illinois has many different soils and climates. The 
farm I write from lies near the center of the State, 
just on the southern edge of what was formerly 
known as “Grand Prairie,” reaching from here north 
to Chicago, and beyond, 200 miles and more. In size 
and quality of soil, this farm is about an average of 
this part of the State. It consists of 160 acres, a 
quarter section of gently rolling prairie, well suited 
to the use of all machinery. The soil is about equally 
divided between what is called locally “mound soil,” 
a somewhat sandy loam, and the black corn soil of 
the low ground. There is but one rock on the farm, 
and a few years since we put that 2*4 feet under 
ground. Several years ago this region was largely de ¬ 
voted to hay, but the low price of the last few years, 
together with a succession of dry seasons, caused the 
plowing up of much grass land, and temporarily dis¬ 
couraged the seeding down again, so that corn is now 
the most important crop. 
The usual way of planting corn here is, after break¬ 
ing the stalks some frosty morning in February or 
March, to rake and burn them, the raking being done 
with a big wooden rake made for the purpose, and 
drawn behind a wagon. The ground is then broken 
(as soon as dry enough, say in April), with 16-inch 
plows drawn by three horses, or often now by four 
horses, attached to a gang plow of two 12-inch or 
two 14-inch plows. The 14-inch plows are too large, 
and lead to shallow plowing. After plowing, one har 
rowing with a four-horse lever harrow is generally 
enough to fit it for planting, which is done with the 
wire check-row planter, planting generally three feet 
eight incaes each way, and from three to four grains 
in a hill. For a 160-acre farm we think two three- 
horse teams about the right force for the planting 
season, these being made into a four and a two-horse 
team for harrowing and planting, which are kept 
close up to the plowing after May 1. Later the six 
horses become three two-horse teams for cultivating, 
and another man is hired for the third team, and to 
work in harvesting hay. We always use the two- 
borse cultivator (six-shovel riding preferred on this 
farm), and never take a hoe into the field unless it be 
during a wet spell, when we can do nothing else, and 
then only to cut out a few of the big weeds that the 
cultivator shovels might slide round. On this farm 
we sometimes find ourselves with corn plowing, hay¬ 
ing, and wheat and oat harvest, all on hand at once. 
Then we add a team by hiring, if possible. 
For a good hay force, about five men and a boy to 
drive “derrick horse” are required, or if the mowing 
must be done with one machine, a sixth man is need¬ 
ed. We use two mowing machines, a five and a six- 
foot, beginning at from four to five o’clock in the 
morning, and mowing till dew is dried off from what 
is left of previous day’s cutting. Then the whole 
force is put to stacking, those not mowing having 
been employed up to that time in topping stacks, mov¬ 
ing derrick, plowing corn, etc. They will stack 10 to 
15 tons per day with average weather. We have put 
up a stack of 12% tons in five hours. Stacking is 
done with derrick such as described in The R. N.-Y. 
several months ago, except that those in use here 
swing over the stack automatically, as any of them 
can be made to do. The hay is brought to stack out 
of swath by the large two-horse gatherers. For put¬ 
ting in barn we find a swath loader a great help. 
We make corn our main crop on this farm now, be¬ 
cause there is more in it than anything else, espec¬ 
ially if fed to stock. Next comes hay, which does 
very well at the prices of this year and last. Oats we 
do but little with, as there is nothing in them ex¬ 
cept so far as we can feed in the sheaf. Many object 
to feeding this way, because of waste, which we avoid 
by feeding in mangers only what the stock will eat 
clean, straw and all, and making out grain ration 
with corn or thrashed oats. Wheat is a very uncer¬ 
tain crop with us, because of winterkilling and, late¬ 
ly, Hessian fly. The former we try to avoid by very 
thorough working of ground and shallow sowing, so 
that the whole mass of roots of each plant may rise 
and fall with the freezing and thawing, and the latter 
we try to beat by late sowing, about October 1. We 
sow about one-eighth of our ground to wheat each 
year, as we like to have straw for oedding and to feed 
horses in Winter. It also gives something for teams 
to do in Fall. 
The disk harrow is much used here. Last Spring 
we tried the one-way disk harrow and seeder made 
by the Hapgoods, of Alton, with good results. We 
found that we could put it into the cornfield, and 
with the seeder attachment, not only break and cut 
the stalks, but break the ground, sow the oats, and 
cover them at one operation. Four horses will get 
over 10 to 12 acres per day, but I think by adding two 
horses, attaching them to the end of the tongue, we 
might increase the speed to 18 or 20 acres per day. 
The additional pair of horses would not only lighten 
the load, but relieve the side draft, of which there is 
generally more or less. We used this disk for break¬ 
ing and cutting the stalks for corn, plowing them 
under instead of burning, as we have often done in 
the past. Ground so worked needs no harrowing 
ahead of the planter. Wheat and oats are of course 
cut with the binder, so that no extra force is required, 
the men who are driving the cultivator teams being 
sufficient. Thrashing is done by the usual steam 
outfit, moving from place to place with its traction 
engine, and having four men with machine, leaving 
the rest of the 16 to 25 men to be furnished by the 
farmer. We thrash out of shock when we can get 
the men, and when we cannot, we stack. g. w. b. 
Rosemont, Ill. 
SECTION OF APPLE WOOD WHERE THE CAMBIUM 
DIED. Fig. 224. 
