7o4 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
October 20 
Farmers’ Club. 
[Every query must be accompanied by the 
name and address of the writer to insure atten* 
tion. Before asking a .question, please see 
whether it is not answered in our advertising 
columns. Ask only a few questions at one time. 
Put questions on a separate piece of paper.] 
Spent Tan for Manure. 
J. A. S., La Crosse, Wis.—Is there any fer¬ 
tilizing value in the hemlock tanned bark 
taken from tanneries? 
Ans. —Hardly enough fertility to 
count. A ton of the spent tan would 
give less than a pound of potash, less 
than half a pound of phosphoric acid 
and two pounds of nitrogen. The man- 
urial value of this would be not much 
over 50 cents. It might do to use as 
an absorbent, in stables or barnyards, 
but ordinary straw is richer in plant 
food. In theory this spent tan is not 
worth hauling for manure, yet we have 
two reports from people who have used 
it for mulching currants and other 
small fruits. We should think that 
there would be too much acid in the 
bark. The ashes from this spent tan. 
while not so valuable as wood ashes, are 
worth buying and using. 
Oat and Pea Hay. 
F. V. D., Reading, Mass .—Can you or some 
of your readers give me any information 
in regard to oat and pea hay, cut and 
mixed with pulped roots, compared with 
good silage and clover hay? We wish to 
carry as many milch cows as possible on 
a small tract of land, and are looking for 
methods that will accomplish the desired 
result. 
Ans. —Oat or pea hay is one of the 
best coarse fodders for milch stock. It 
is easily grown, and will produce from 
2*4 to three tons of hay per acre. Its 
composition and digestibility are much 
like that of clover hay. If the propor¬ 
tion of pea fodder in the mixture is 
equal to one-third the total crop by 
weight, the hay will have about the 
same feeding value as clover hay. Pulp¬ 
ed mangels or ruta-baga turnips will 
make a good substitute for silage, but 
will be more expensive to raise than the 
silage corn. We consider oat and pea 
hay one of the best coarse fodders to 
feed with silage, and when silage is not 
available, mangels or ruta-bagas are the 
best substitute. Corn raised for silage, 
and oats and peas raised and fed as 
hay, will give as large a bulk of, and as 
valuable coarse fodders as any crops we 
could recommend for feeding a dairy 
herd. One secret of success with cats 
and peas, is to get the seed, into the 
ground as early as possible in the 
Spring. Unless the soil is very heavy, the 
peas should be plowed under five to 
seven days before sowing the oats. 
c. s. PHELPS. 
Plan tor Grafting Peach Trees. 
E. F. D., Alva, O. T.—I have grafted 
yearling peach trees in southern Kansas in 
February and early March, cutting off two 
or three inches below the surface and in¬ 
serting a six-inch scion, and mounding up 
nearly to top of scion, getting 90 per cent 
to grow and make fine trees. I have also 
table-grafted the peach same as apple, only 
using one root to each scion, and although 
these would be well callused at planting 
time there would usually be only a small 
per cent grow. How would it do to take 
up the seedlings and cut them off to within 
six inches of the ground, and heel in until 
February, then take up and graft by put¬ 
ting in a scion at the collar and leaving the 
seedling stub until after planting out in 
nursery row, and till after the growth has 
started in scion and seedling stub? Then 
carefully cut away the seedling stub close 
above the joint. It seems to me that in 
that way I might get a good per cent to 
grow. The sketch at Fig. 269 shows what 
I mean. 
Ans. —It is not surprising to me that 
the grafting of peach stocks at the col¬ 
lar and mounding up the scions suc¬ 
ceeded. That is nearly the plan I have 
long followed and recommended for nut 
trees, persimmons and other difficult 
things to graft. Grapes are always 
grafted that way. The only difference 
is, that for nut grafting, the scions are 
held back by cool storage until the 
stocks have started growth and then 
slipped between the bark and wood, in¬ 
stead of being inserted in a split in the 
stock. Indoor grafting is much more 
difficult witn the peach and other stone 
fruits than with the apple. A still cool¬ 
er temperature seems to be required in 
order to keep them from starting into 
untimely growth, and consequent fail¬ 
ure to unite. The stone fruits germinate 
at a lower temperature than the pomes 
and require more careful handling. If 
the peach stocks are taken up and 
grafted as proposed, my belief is that 
they should be at once set deeply in the 
open ground and banked up about the 
scion. When growth has started quite 
freely I would scrape away the earth 
and cut off the seedling stump. The 
growth on tne seedling will help to 
maintain the flow of sap and induce the 
stock and scion to unite more quickly 
than without it. The same principle is 
DRAFTING AT THE COLLAR. Fig. 269. 
followed in inarching, or grafting by 
approach, the mango in India. It is 
worthy of a test in grafting the stone 
fruits when budding has not been per¬ 
formed the Summer or Fall before, and 
a year’s growth is to be saved. 
H. E. VAN DEMAN. 
Heating Power of Coat and Wood. 
J. H. D., Minneapolis, Minn .—Tell us the 
relative value of anthracite coal and hard 
maple wood; that is, heat production. How 
many cords of wood are inquired to equal 
a ton of coal for heating purposes? 
Ans. —The difference between the 
heating power of coal and wood has 
been found by exact experiment only, 
for there is no other way of getting at 
the comparative values in this respect 
of different combustibles. It has been 
found that one pound of charcoal heats 
73 pounds of water from 32 degrees 
(which is the freezing point) to 212 de¬ 
grees, which is the boiling point of 
water. One pound of anthracite coal 
heats 70 pounds of water in the same 
way, and one pound of dry wood heats 
35 pounds of water the same, so that 
the coal has just twice the heating 
power that dry wood has, and a little 
less than charcoal has. Of course wood 
that is not dry, loses a proportionate 
heating value corresponding to the 
quantity of water remaining in it, and 
air-dry wood has on an average 12 per 
cent of water in it. So that we may 
reasonably estimate the value of one ton 
of anthracite coal to be equal to two 
cords of wood, and this, of course, is to 
be based on the fact that the coal is 
nearly a solid mass, while a cord of 
wood is very nearly if not quite one- 
half empty spaces and some of it is 
bark, which has much less heating value 
than wood. It might be interesting to 
note that the loss of heat of fuel burned 
in an open fire-place is three-fourths of 
it, this escaping up the chimney, and 
only one-fourth radiating in the room, 
while burned in a stove provided with 
proper dampers, to control the current 
of air through the fire, the loss is not 
quite one-fourth. The loss of heat by 
the use of steam in pipes varies from 
one-fourth to one-half. Moreover, it 
has been proved that steam flowing 
through pipes under pressure may reach 
a heat sufficient to char wood in contact 
with the pipes, and the well-known 
tendency of charcoal at a temperature 
of steam to oxidize and heat sufficiently 
to inflame has been the cause of the 
burning of many buildings. Thus steam- 
heated dwellings should be secured by 
proper isolation of tne steam pipes by 
means of asbestos packing or wrapping 
in asbestos felt. h. s. 
Hints About Planting Trees. 
8. C. 8., Camden, N. J. —I am thinking of 
setting an orchard of apple and pear trees 
(mostly Kieffers), all the pears to be 
standard. The apples are to be set among 
the pears in the proportion of three pears 
to one apple. How close, square or diago¬ 
nally, should they be set? 
Ans. —Permanent apple trees are none 
too far apart at 40 feet. The plan of 
setting three Kieffer pear trees to one 
apple tree, using them as fillers or 
temporary trees in the apple orchard, 
is very good. The Kieffer pear trees 
will bear so early and so heavily that 
they will probably be ready to come 
out by the time the apple trees need 
all the space. At any rate, they must 
come out when their room is needed, 
or the apple orchard will suffer damage 
from being crowded. But, if every 
tenth apple orchardist was to plant 
Kieffer pears in this way we would 
have such a glut that all the canning 
factories in the country could not work 
up the fruit. It is not a good plan to 
plant other standard pear trees in an 
apple orchard, because they usually live 
to be old and need almost as much 
room as apple trees. Twenty feet would 
be ample room for Kieffer trees. 
H. E. VAN DEMAN. 
For the land’s sake, use Bowker’s Fer¬ 
tilizers. They enrich the earth.— Adw 
■■■■ 
JO MAKEFARMwPOULTRY BUILDINGS^ 
/ WATERPROOF and. 
WINDPROOf \pienejs 
Nothing Better’ihiui 
►NEPONSETi 
^“ROOFING 
A postal hr inf 9 aamplo »nd 
-*r\« of nearest dealer 
The EASIEST TO RUN 
>ecauge they have the bestsystem of reg¬ 
ulating temperature and moisture. 
MARILLA & Brooder* 
Hot Air or Hot Water. Monty back if you want 
'it. Absolutely safe. Durably built. Catalog for 8c. 
MARILLA INCUBATOR CO.,Boi 45 Rose HIII.N.Y. 
The Counter Edition of our 
Garden and Farm Manual 
contains besides the very complete line 
of GARDEN AND FLOWER SEEDS a 
Great Variety of GARDEN AND FARM 
TOOLS and SPRAYING OUTFITS. Send 
for it. Send also for our Poultry Supply 
Catalogue. 
JOHNSON & STOKES, S&ftSStSr- 
1 am now booking orders for 
LUCRETIA DEWBERRY PLANTS 
I grow sixty acres of this fruit for market, and find 
it the most profitable of all the small fruits. Inci¬ 
dentally, in growing so many for market, I have a 
very fine lot of plants (no finer can be produced', 
which lam selling for from one-third to one-half 
less than most nurserymen offer them, and I could 
not sell at these prices were I not growing them 
largely for fruit. November is the best time to plant. 
Correspondence solicited. Catalogue free. 
tV. F. ALLEN, SaUsbury, Aid. 
f I nar If|O Canrl -Ginseng Roots that will 
$1 JIBl IUU OWcU bear. Seed 10 cents each. 
H. W. ELMKNDORF, Coeymans Hollow. N. Y. 
filNSENG 
U Writ* to-day. AMEI 
—Bookall'aboutit 4c. Tellshowto 
grow this great money maker. 
Write to-day. AMERICAN GINSENG GARDENS, Ross Hill, N. I. 
ForestTrees. ForestTrees. 
Sugar. Norway, Sycamore, Silverleaf, and other 
Maples by the 1,000 or 10,000. Also Lindens, Poplars, 
Elms, Willows, Mountain Ash, Birch, etc., in large 
quantities, and Shrubbery by the acre. We can fur¬ 
nish trees from one to three inches in diameter. 
Address 8TEPHEN HOYT'S SONS, New Canaan. Ct. 
BULBS 
FOR FALL 
PLANTING. 
Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus. Narcissus, Lillies. Ac. 
Our New Bull* Catalogue is sent free to all. 
Besides giving much interesting information this 
book is bound in beautiful covers, showing the 
Spanish Iris. Jonquils and Narcissus in their natural 
coiors. Write to-day for a copy 
HENEY A. DREEK, Philadelphia, Pa. 
October Purple Plum Trees. 
The best, of all of Mr. Burbank's Plums. We offer 
a large stock of fine trees, one and two years old 
Address STEPHEN HOYT'S SONS. New Canaan, Ct. 
Time. 
Those readers who have not yet se¬ 
cured their Fruit Trees for Fall Plant¬ 
ing, should do so at once. Write to some 
responsible Nursery for price list, and 
send your order direct to them, and you 
will get better stock, and at less than 
half the price charged by tree agents 
A large number of our leading Fruit 
Growers say the finest fruit trees they 
ever received came from Call’s Nurseries, 
Perry, O. They make a specialty of 
dealing direct with the farmers, and 
their prices are always low. 
Grape Vines 
Descriptive and Price List free. 
Currants, Gooseberries and other Small 
Fruit Plants. Extra quality. Warranted true. 
T. S. HUBBARD CO., FHEDONIA, N. Y. 
Illustrated Catalogue 
of Choice Evergreens, 
__Shrubs, Frultand other 
Trees, Roses, Water Lillies, etc. Pricos 
low. Beautify your home at small expense, 
E. S. PETERSON k SONS. Box 15, Montrose, New York 
QNION SEED.—Perfectly hardy in this country 
^ Lb.. $2.50; oz., 20c. Size and shape samous Portu¬ 
gal. Sow It. now. Pansy Madame Perret. pkt., 25c 
BEAULIEU, Woodhaven, N. Y. 
AULIFLOWER SEED 
High grade Danish seed by mall, direct from the 
grower In Denmark, to your address, postpaid. 
Danish Snowball, X oz.50c loz.tl.60 lib. $18.00 
Dwarf Erfurt. % oz. 65c i oz. 11.85 lib. $22.00 
KARL KOLLE. 840 E. Fullerton Av. Chicago, 111. 
SEED POTATOES. 
FULL LIST. PURE STOCK. 
We want good reliable Agents to take orders. 
LIBERAL COMMISSIONS. Address 
LECLARE & MANN1NU, Farm Seeds. Brighton, N.Y. 
3 years, fine. List 
Free. C. £>. WKNGER, Dayton. Va. 
BALDWIN York Imperial. 
YORK IMPERIAL - KIEFFER. 
One tree to a carload. 
Business trees at business prices. (They are bear¬ 
ers.) Inducements to Peach buyers Let us 
quote you on your want list. 
WOODV1EW NURSERIES, Box 100, Uriah, Pa. 
TQCCC Wholesale prices. Apple, Plum 
I "CCw and Pears at $8 per 100. Don’t buy any 
kind of stock until vou get our prices. Catalogue 
Free. RELIANCE NURSERY, Box 10, Geneva, N. Y. 
■peach Trees —One year from bud, 2 to 4e each 
R. S. JOHNSTON. Box 4, Stockley, Del. 
200,000 Peach Trees. 
We offer a choice lot of Peach trees, grown from 
Tennessee pits. These trees are healthy and fine. 
Address STEPHEN HOYT’S SONS. New Canaan. Ct. 
K TREES SUCCEED WHERE 
Largest Nursery. OTHERS FAIL. 
Fruit Rook Free, Result of 76 years’ experience. 
STARK BROS., Louisiana, Mo.; Dansville, N.Y. 
m 
W STAI 
SE TREES 
i varieties. Also Grapcs,8mall Frult*,etc. Best root¬ 
ed Btock. Genuine, cheap. 2 sample currants mailed for 
lOe. Deso. price-list free. LEWIS KOKSC1I, Fredonla, N. V 
Trees. Plants. 
We have all kinds of Nursery Stock. 
Catalogue Free. 
JOS. H. BLACK, SON & CO., 
HIGHTSTOWN, N. J. 
Fall is the Best Time 
TO PLANT all the Trees, Plants, Vines and Shrubs, both Fruit 
and Ornamental, that are listed. See our Autumn Catalogue. 
Send for it at once. The prices are right. 
F. J. DWYER & SON , 
Orange County Nurseries. Box 1, CORNWALL, N. Y 
For $i I will send by express or freight, i Alpha, i Paragon 
i Numbo Chestnut Tree grafted, worth $2.20. Full line of 
Nursery StocK. Certificate. 
ARTHUR J. COLLINS, 
Moorestown, Burlington County, N. J. 
etc., advertise themselves. The best always 
cheapest. Have hundreds of car loads of 
Fruits and Ornamentals. 
40 acres of Hardy Roses. 44 greenhouses of Palms, 
Ficus, Ferns, Roses, etc. Correspondence solicited. 
Catalogue free. 47th year. 1000 acres. 
THE STORRS & HARRISON CO.. Painesville, O. 
