March 22 
2l6 
THE RURAL 
NEW-YORKER. 
THE KING SYSTEM OF BARN VEN¬ 
TILATION. 
Pure Air for Barn Stock. 
Part II. 
Arrangement of Flues. —Whether it 
is necessary to have the outlet flues 
evenly distributed I am somewhat in 
doubt. We built with the idea in mind 
that a flue would only do its work for a 
certain distance, about 20 to 25 feet, but 
while I have no experience otherwise, I 
am inclined to think that if the stable 
is only free from cracks and air pas¬ 
sages, so that air currents are under con¬ 
trol, it will make no difference where the 
flues are located. If the draft is good 
and constantly working, and the intake 
tubes are in order, it will be an impossi¬ 
bility to prevent a constant change of 
air. A safe working rule will be a flue 
I I 
equivalent of one foot square to each five 
cows. The reader will readily see that 
the flues must be in proportion to the 
number of animals, and not to the size 
of the room. It is the animal that causes 
the need for air changes. If we have 
1,000 cubic feet of air space, and two 
cows in it, we shall require twice the 
flue space; in other words, two cows will 
demand twice the fresh air that one 
could use. 
Flue Construction. —It is not advis¬ 
able to construct a flue containing less 
than two square feet of area. This does 
not necessarily imply that a very large 
flue will give better results; a flue might 
be so large that a double current would 
form because not enough air would be 
admitted into the room to supply it. The 
objective point in a square or round me¬ 
dium-sized flue is to reduce the propor¬ 
tion of radiating surface to the volume 
of air. A flue 1x2 feet would contain 
two square feet of area, and would be 
six feet in circumference. A flue six 
inches by four feet would contain the 
same area, but would have a circumfer¬ 
ence of nine feet, or one-half more radi¬ 
ating surface. Of course this might be 
done, but a most careful insulation 
would be necessary, or such heat radia¬ 
tion would follow that the air current 
would cool to the condensing point be¬ 
fore leaving the flue, 
Diagram Suggestions. —One form of 
outlet flues, c c c, is found in Fig. 76, 
built each side of the barn, uniting in 
one common center. Other forms better 
suited to the building may be adopted. 
Greater convenience and economy 
might result if the flues were built from 
the floor directly up through the center 
of the barn, passing out at the ridge, or 
if the building was not too long, say 50 
to 60 feet, they could be placed at each 
end. I would advise carrying them in¬ 
side the roof in order to get the insula¬ 
tion from cold air that the barn pro¬ 
vides. If they will be in the way, out¬ 
side construction may be advised, not 
losing sight of thorough insulation. The 
expense of such flues will be double 
those made inside. At A, Fig. 76, a 
damper must be placed in order to con¬ 
trol the volume of air passing out, which 
is greater when the weather is cold and 
wind pressure is strong. At B are open¬ 
ings near the ceiling to be used when 
wind pressure is light, or temperatures 
comparatively high. I have not seen a 
time when circulation was not active 
from the openings at B. If these are not 
used when circulation is slow, condensa¬ 
tion will take place in the stable. That 
portion of the flue passing through the 
roof must have an area equivalent to 
both of the side flues, and covered with 
a cap. The air passing rapidly under 
this covering, put on about one foot 
above the top, will materially increase 
the draft or circulation from below. Fig. 
77 represents the intake flues. They ap¬ 
pear large and cumbersome in the cut. 
This was done that there might be no 
mistake in the form. Here they appear 
as large as the flues in Fig. 76. They 
also appear set out a distance from the 
wall. They can be put into the wall or 
close to it, as desired. They also appear 
close to the sill or floor. When more 
convenient a four or five-foot flue will 
answer quite as well. If the builder will 
only understand the theory that these 
flues must be long enough so that the 
air will have a chance to warm a few 
degrees as it comes in contact with the 
stable air, and that the volume of air 
admitted, or the rapidity of circulation, 
will be in this proportion, he will have 
solved the whole question. We might 
cut a hole directly through the side wall 
near the ceiling if we could depend upon 
it always to work the right way. On 
the contrary, much of the time, by rea¬ 
son of changing wind pressure, these 
openings will act as outlet flues, thus de¬ 
feating the end desired. 
Further Principles. —In order that 
the distribution of cold air may be uni¬ 
form these flues must be small, three or 
four inches in diameter, and placed on 
the four sides of the room. Air currents 
will then form, from all parts of the 
room, not permitting stagnant air, which 
means foul air and condensation. This 
cold air being heavier is at once preci¬ 
pitated to the floor, aiding in forcing 
the foul air out. Coming in through 
these small openings a cold air draft is 
prevented; and so all danger of an ani¬ 
mal taking cold is removed. If the open¬ 
ings were large, cold air currents would 
at once form, endangering the health of 
the cows. At the same time this cold 
air, entering at one or two convenient 
points, would not become intermixed 
with air already in the room; hence, a 
constant and gradual change could not 
take place. A damper is needed, and it 
is found at E, Fig. 77. It will make no 
difference where it is placed. I am un¬ 
able to give a rule for the ratio of small 
flues to large ones. Theoretically, we 
must admit the same volume of air that 
we take out, but more or less air will 
find its way into the room around doors 
and windows, or possibly in many barns 
more than one-half the fresh air will 
push its way in. Again, a building may 
be located so that wind pressure will in¬ 
crease the air currents, and perhaps dou¬ 
ble the volume passing through a three- 
inch flue. All these natural and artifi¬ 
cial agencies exert an influence, and no 
amount of calculation will entirely free 
one from the necessity of studying them. 
Here is a ventilating system that venti¬ 
lates. The flues will never be found 
wrong end up if the precautions herein 
mentioned are followed, and the theory 
understood at the beginning. Anyone 
wishing more detailed information will 
do well to get Prof. King’s work on Agri¬ 
cultural Physics, a book that every farm¬ 
er should have. H. e. cook. 
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248 McDermot Avenue 
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