SOME VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 
19 
canthus, is a small elevation containing a minute orifice—the 
punctum, and this punctum in turn leads to a small canal— 
the function of which is to carry away the tears, of which 
more hereafter. The lids are subject to diseases which are 
apt to mislead the superficial observer, and lead him to treat 
a comparatively simple matter as a deeper one. Take the 
condition of inflammation of the margins of the lids, with 
formation of crusts, and you will always have the crusts 
present. These crusts form hard borders and in place of a pli¬ 
able, velvety lid, we have a stiff, irritating edge, rubbing over 
the ocular conjunctiva, with resulting inflammation, lachry- 
mation, photophobia and nearly all the symptoms ol a begin¬ 
ning conjunctivitis. Now do not treat this as such a condition, 
with atropia solutions, argent nit. solution, etc., when a sim¬ 
ple but thorough cleansing of the edges of the lids, with the 
application of vaseline following, will produce a cure. And 
this removing of crusts is not always the simplest matter you 
may attempt, unless you are awake to the fact of the very 
satisfactory results obtained from using H 2 0 2 , with a small 
cotton mop, which mop burn subsequently. In conjunctivi¬ 
tis (cold in the eye) the “ white of the eye,” which is the 
sclerotic coat seen between the lids (the palpebral fissure), 
will be covered by coarse, angry-looking blood vessels pur¬ 
suing tortuous courses, looking, to use a homely expression, 
like the criss-crossing of wild grapevines, minus the leaves 
and fruit. These vessels lie in the conjunctiva, and the con¬ 
junctiva being movable over the sclerotic, why the vessels 
will be also movable. This may be demonstrated by push¬ 
ing the lower lid up and down, when the conjunctiva and 
vessels in it will move synchronously. This is the differen¬ 
tial diagnostic point between conjunctivitis and inflamma¬ 
tions of deeper structures, such as the cornea, ciliary body 
and iris. Take, for instance, inflammation of the iris (iritis). 
The redness would appear as (all the principal symptoms of 
conjunctivitis being also present, such as pain, photophobia 
and lachrymation) the rays surrounding the sun. No irreg¬ 
ularity, as in conjunctivitis, but clean cut, as though en¬ 
graved, starting from the edge of the cornea, and are not mov- 
