208 
HERBERT OSBORN. 
fully groomed than their somewhat despised relatives. Tlv 
size is about the same as that of the ox-louse, but it differ 
very decidedly in the form of the head, which is long, slender 
and the sides of the head nearly parallel, as shown in the fig 
ure (Fig. 9), taken from Comstock’s “ Introduction to Entd 
mo logy.” 
Careful grooming may be looked upon as at least favor 
able to the reduction of numbers in this species. In case the' 
become too numerous the application of a little kerosene t| 
the card or curry comb used in grooming the animals will b 
found of value. When more vigorous treatment is necessar 
the measures recommended for the ox-louse may be adopted 
The Biting and Running Lice. 
Mallop hctga. 
This group embraces all the biting lice infesting birds am 
mammals. They are very distinct, indeed, from the pre 
ceding group, though frequently placed with them unde 
such unnatural divisions as Anoplura, Pediculines , etc. 
These bodies are usually hard and horny and much flai 
tened. They possess mandibulate mouth parts adapted t 
cutting and biting the hairs, feathers, epidermal scales, 0 
excretions on the bodies of their hosts. The jaws are situate* 
on most forms underneath the head and near the center, th 
clypeus projecting and forming the most anterior portion c 
the head. The eyes when visible are located back of th 
antennas. The antennae are five-jointed except in Trichodei 
tes. The thorax is generally narrow, and frequently but tw< 
divisions are apparent.. The legs are adapted to claspin' 
(.Plnlopteridce ) or to running ( Liothedice ), the tarsi in the firs 
case being short and fitted for clasping against the tibiae, an< 
in the second case being long and provided with two claw 
well adapted to running. The members of the first divisio. 
occur on both mammals and birds, those of the second, e> 
cept Gyropus, are limited to birds. Wings are entirely warn 
ing and the abdomen contains nine or ten segments and ij 
usually oval in shape. 
In life history this group agrees with the preceding. Th 
