THE RURAL NEW-YORKER . 1 
February 4 
76 
NOTES ON EXPERIMENTAL SPRAYING 
REPORT FROM CANADA. 
The Department of Agriculture for 
Ontario has for the last four years con¬ 
ducted a series of object lessons in spray¬ 
ing. 
The Mixture Used. —Last year, we 
worked at 30 points, covering the Prov¬ 
ince from Amherstburg to Renfrew. The 
agent visited each point seven times, and 
his dates were announced by poster, 
postal card, and in the press. The attend¬ 
ance last year was 3,538, besides many 
who visited the orchards when the agent 
was not there, to see the results. Only 
one solution was used, Bordeaux Mix¬ 
ture, according to the following formula: 
Copper sulphate, four pounds ; fresh lime, 
four pounds ; water, 40 gallons. To this 
in every'Case were added four ounces of 
Paris-green. On account of the law 
which forbids the spraying of fruit trees 
when in full bloom and on account of 
rain, many applications were lost. In 
estimating the percentage of perfect 
apples, a part of the tree was picked 
clean, and the fruit carefully examined, 
every specimen which had a worm or a 
spot, no matter how small, being rejected 
as imperfect. In the orchard of Mr. 
Hugh Black, Rockwood, we had the fol¬ 
lowing results: Snow, sprayed, 64 per 
cent clean, unsprayed, one per cent clean; 
Ben Davis, sprayed, 100 per cent clean, 
unsprayed, 28 per cent clean ; Wagener, 
sprayed, 96 per cent clean, unsprayed, 9 
per cent clean ; Spy, sprayed, 100 per cent 
clean, unsprayed, 36 per cent clean; 
Greening, sprayed, 88 per cent clean, un¬ 
sprayed, 24 per cent clean ; Ribston Pip¬ 
pin, sprayed, 90 per cent clean, un¬ 
sprayed, 80 per cent clean ; Canada Red, 
sprayed, 72'per cent clean, unsprayed, no 
clean fruit. This orchard had never 
been sprayed before. Concerning the 
work in his orchard, Mr. Black writes as 
follows: 
The effect on the foliage was plainly 
noticeable all season. The leaves were 
fresh, and had that glossy appearance 
which indicates growth. The bark was 
smooth, and looked like the bark of 
young trees, the moss and roughness on 
the bark almost entirely disappearing, 
and the trees have made more new wood 
than for several years past. The fruit 
was, on the sprayed trees, as nearly per¬ 
fect as it is reasonable to look for. In 
my experience, I never saw, even years 
ago, before so many enemies came to 
stay, so entirely good a crop of apples. I 
am safe in saying that, in our Spys, 
which were sprayed, there was not one 
barrel of culls to 100 barrels of good 
fruit. I am convinced that our chances 
of growing apples profitably will largely 
be in proportion to the thoroughness 
with which we spray. Good cultivation, 
plenty of barnyard manure, and careful 
spraying will insure us equally as good 
and abundant fruit crops as of yore. We 
had in one place in the orchard, two 
Greening trees, well loaded, and not a 
single cull apple was found, neither 
worm, nor scab, nor misshapen. 
We cannot now grow potatoes with¬ 
out using Paris-green—we must also 
realize that we cannot grow good fruit 
without spraying. The first spraying 
will almost entirely destroy the tent 
caterpillar. 
A number of other reports showed 
equally favorable results. 
Numerous Moths. —It appears from 
the result of experimental work carried 
on throughout the Province that, in the 
greater part of Ontario, the Codling moths 
can be controlled by spraying. How¬ 
ever, in the southerly sections, particu¬ 
larly under the mountain between Hamil¬ 
ton and Niagara, they continue to do 
much damage after the regular spraying 
season is over. They are much worse 
directly under the mountain than they 
are on the lake shore two miles away, or 
on the mountain. This is probably due 
to the large amount of fruit grown and 
the shelter afforded in that district. We 
propose next year, after the regular 
spraying has ceased, to continue the 
work in one or two orchards until pick¬ 
ing time, using Paris-green mixture, 
that we may ascertain whether the later 
broods can be destroyed this way. It 
appears from results obtained in experi¬ 
mental work, that from 65 to 80 per cent 
of perfect fruit can be secured, when 
spraying is regularly and properly done, 
and when the conditions are favorable, 
such as an orchard standing high and 
dry, or on well-drained land, away from 
buildings or hedgerows, and the trees 
planted far enough apart so that the 
limbs do not come within 10 or 12 feet of 
touching, that they have an abundance 
of sunshine and free circulation of air. 
It is also important that the trees be 
properly trimmed, all rubbish removed, 
and the land be properly fertilized, for 
it is a fact that two-thirds of the or¬ 
chards in Ontario are starving. With 
good apples at the price they have com¬ 
manded the past two years, the orchard, 
if properly attended to, would be the 
most profitable part of the farm. 
Superintendent, Fruitland. w. m. orr. 
WORK OF A GRAPE UNION. 
S. S. Crissey spoke of the Chautauqua 
& Erie Grape Company. This is a 
Union formed for the purpose of hand¬ 
ling grapes in the Chautauqua and Erie 
grape belt. Two former companies un¬ 
dertook to handle the grapes, and the 
present Union has been evolved from 
them. It seeks to organize the growers 
so as to supply a uniform grade of fruit, 
prevent the overloading of the markets, 
and secure a wide distribution at the 
least possible expense. 
In 1897, the grape crop was immense, 
nearly 6,000 cars. The year before, 
nearly 30 independent shippers had at¬ 
tempted to handle the crop, with dis¬ 
astrous results. The Union put 23 sales¬ 
men in the field, one each in 23 large 
cities. In one day, October 6, they 
handled over 600,000 baskets, and in a 
single week, over 1,000 cars. During the 
26 working days of October, they aver¬ 
aged 130 cars per day. Their Chicago 
salesman sold 680 cars of grapes, one 
man doing what six men did the year 
before. Grape auction sales were started 
in New York, using 488 cars, and in Bos¬ 
ton 202 cars. During the season they 
handled 4,444 cars, and lost only eight. 
The grapes were handled quickly, and 
the books were always open to inspec¬ 
tion. Their treasurer qualified in the 
sum of $100,000, and their town managers 
in $10,000 each. The Union paid all ex¬ 
penses, all losses and every grower in 
full at a cost of less than three mills per 
basket. The constitution allowed five 
mills per basket for doing the work. 
The officers did it and paid back to the 
growers over two mills per basket. 
In 1898, the Union worked on much the 
same line. Grapes were only about 
three-quarters of the crop of 1897, and 
ripened earlier. A week of heavy pick¬ 
ing of Concords was followed by a hot 
wave October 1, 2 and 3, and this caused 
considerable loss. Advances were made 
to the growers at time of shipment, the 
amount this year being five cents on 
nine-pound baskets, three cents on four- 
pound baskets, and $10 per ton on grapes. 
Mr. Crissey said that what is needed in 
any such union is a desire for harmony, 
a spirit of conciliation and a readiness 
to make some sacrifices for the general 
good. He says: “Put the best men in 
responsible positions, pay them fairly, 
and then stand by them. Be reasonable 
in your expectations and conservative in 
your criticisms. No Union can do im¬ 
possibilities. It cannot prevent hot 
waves, frosts or cyclones. All it can do 
is to meet these adverse conditions in¬ 
telligently, and to some degree success¬ 
fully.” _ 
M. G. Kains, who wrote the recent article on 
chicory, says that much of the chicory formerly 
imported was adulterated. Dried carrots, tur¬ 
nips and parsnips were often mixed with it. 
Dandelion root is often used as a coffee substi¬ 
tute, alone or mixed with rye. It is equal to 
chicory for this purpose, but the yield per acre is 
very much less. 
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