1899 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
329 
Ailing Animals. 
ANSWERS BY DR. F. L. KILBORNE. 
CATTLE, NORMAL TEMPERATURE 
AND CONSTIPATION. 
PURGATIVES AND INJECTIONS FOR. 
1 . Clinical thermometers are recommended in 
watching fevers. One book says 103 degrees in¬ 
dicate fever, but omits to state what the normal 
i 9 . Is it 101 degrees in cattle? 2. Given a cow 
with suppression of all action of the bowels; 
two pounds Epsom salts given; In four hours, 
one pint raw linseed oil; in 10 hours, three 
pounds Epsom salts. After 24 hours, no action. 
Is there any use in giving more Epsom salts, or 
can any medicine be given through the stomach 
strong enough to make the bowels act after 48 
hours of suppression of all action ? What is the 
strongest cathartic that can be given ? 3 The 
books say injections of soapy water, etc , are 
good, but they fall to state what would be a rea¬ 
sonable and maximum amount of fluid to use. 
What would be the strongest medication that 
could be given as an injection ? 4. How long can 
a cow’s bowels remain inactive before death 
would ensue ? 5. A cow’s nose is supposed to be 
moist in health. Is it always so ? I have a pure¬ 
bred Jersey, four years old, which frequently, 
when she lies down, will have a dry nose. Make 
her get up, and at once her nose becomes moist. 
6 . What is the best work on cattle diseases ? 
Gardenia, Cal. e. o. w. 
1. The normal temperature of cattle 
varies from 100 decrees F. to 103 5 de¬ 
grees F , depending upon age, condition 
and surroundings. An average normal 
temperature for adult cattle is about 101 
degrees F For young cattle, 102 to 103 
degrees. Cattle in good conditioner fed 
liberally have a higher temperature than 
thin or poorly-fed cattle. Exercise will 
raise the temperature one to three de¬ 
grees. The temperature of the sur¬ 
rounding atmosphere also affects the 
animal temperature. I have seen cows 
come into the stable from the pasture 
during a hot Summer afternoon with a 
temperature varying from 104 to 105.5 
degrees, yet there was no real fever. 
After an hour or two in the stable, the 
temperature dropped to 102 to 103 de¬ 
grees. A temperature of 103 degrees 
does not indicate fever in cattle unless 
it is known that the normal tempera¬ 
ture of that animal at that time is, or 
ought to be, not higher than 101 or 101.5 
degrees. It will thus be seen that the 
normal temperature of cattle varies so 
widely that we cannot say that any me¬ 
dium temperature necessarily denotes 
fever. 
2. Too great a quantity of salts have 
already been given in the time specified. 
The second dose, not to exceed two 
pounds unless it is an unusually large, 
strong animal, should not be given with¬ 
in 24 hours of the first dose. It is rarely 
advisable to give more than the two 
doses of salts. If a third dose is neces¬ 
sary, give some more active purgative. 
The raw linseed oil is very mildly laxa¬ 
tive in cattle, and would have very little 
effect in obstinate constipation. It is 
given only as a laxative to a weak or 
feverish animal, when stronger purga¬ 
tives would not be advisable, and is 
usually repeated daily until the desired 
effect is obtained. If a stronger purga¬ 
tive than Epsom salts is desired, it is a 
common practice to replace one-half of 
the salts with 30 to 60 drops croton oil. 
For cattle, croton oil, calomel and gam¬ 
boge are the most powerful purgatives 
used. They should be administered only 
upon the advice of a qualified prac¬ 
titioner. With the judicious use of pur¬ 
gatives and injections, together with 
stimulants, the bowels may often be 
successfully moved when there has b:en 
little or no action for several days. But 
if the animal is over-dosed with purga¬ 
tives, fatal inflammation is very liable 
to result. 
3. Rectal injections in obstinate con¬ 
stipation are often almost as essential to 
success as the administration of purga¬ 
tives. Warm soapsuds are commonly 
used for such injections. The quantity 
to be injected at one time should rarely 
exceed two quarts, and be repeated every 
two hours, or even every hour in urgent 
cases. A much larger quantity can be 
safely given, but the success of an injec¬ 
tion depends largely upon giving only 
what the animal will retain for a time. 
One quart injected and retained, and 
frequently repeated, is better than sev¬ 
eral quarts injected at once and almost’ 
immediately ejected, as the larger quan¬ 
tity is sure to be. If sufficient purga¬ 
tives are given by the mouth, very little 
should be given with the injections. But 
if from any cause the purgatives are 
not given by the mouth, they may be 
given in double the dose by injection. 
4. Four to eight days, or possibly, 
even longer in some cases, when inflam¬ 
mation does not set in. 
5. No, the nose is not always moist, 
even in health, although it is usually 
more or less moist. When dry in health, 
it does not have the parched dryness, 
neither is there the heat which accom¬ 
panies fever. 
6. Devoted exclusively to cattle, The 
Principles and Practice of Bovine Medi¬ 
cine and Surgery, by J. Woodruffe Hill. 
A smaller work, Cattle and Their Dis¬ 
eases, by A. J. Murray. Including all the 
domestic animals, The Farmer's Veteri¬ 
nary Adviser, by Dr. James Law. 
Horse Out of Condition. 
My mare is out of condition; her hair is rotigh, 
and stands forward instead of back. She has 
had all the Timothy hay she could eat, and grain 
three times a day. She eats well but is poor, and 
has no life about her. What is the trouble ? 
Pennsylvania. j. b. f. 
Give the horse one of the following 
powders in the feed night and morning : 
Aloes, three ounces ; powdered dry sul¬ 
phate of iron, six ounces; gentian and 
ginger, of each eight ounces; mix and 
divide into 24 powders. Should the horse 
refuse to eat the powder in his feed, ad¬ 
minister as a drench in one-half pint 
cold water. If the urine is scant or high- 
colored, add six ounces nitrate of potash 
to the powders before mixing. Also feed 
one-half pint ground flaxseed or one pint 
oil meal with the grain ration twice 
daily. 
Cow Laps Water; Swollen Leg on Colt. 
1. My cow is fresh and, apparently, in good 
health, but she will go to the water and try to lap 
it up like a dog. Can you give me any reason 
for this ? 2. My colt, two years old, hurt her hind 
leg between the knee and ankle. I think she got 
it fast some way, as it was slightly skinned in¬ 
side and outside. The leg swelled at the knee, 
but that swelling has gone. The leg is slightly 
enlarged on the outside where it was skinned. 
There is no tenderness or fever, but it has not 
resumed its natural size. What shall I do for it ? 
Indiana. o. a. a. 
1. It is either an acquired habit, or due 
to some local trouble of the torgue or 
mouth. If the cow has no trouble in 
eating, it is, undoubtedly, a habit. If 
there is any difficulty in eating, have 
the mouth carefully examined. 2. Blister 
with cantharides and biniodide of mer¬ 
cury ointment (biniodide of mercury, one 
dram; cerate of cantharides ointment, 
one ounce; mix), and repeat at intervals 
of three or four weeks until reduced. 
Worms in Cow’s Tongue. 
My cow, five years old, calved two weeks ago, 
will eat no grain and but little hay. She has 
always been more or less dainty. Her hide is 
quite tight, still she is in fair order, and drinks 
well; she gives but six or seven quarts of milk a 
day. I have discovered that her tongue Is full of 
small worms about the size of a pin head. My 
neighbor sfiys that, to scrape the tongue with a 
dull knife and put on salt and pepper, will cure 
her. c. l. b. 
Maine. 
It is possible that you may have found 
worms in the cow’s tongue; but from 
your description of them, you evidently 
refer to one of the forms of papillae that 
are scattered over the upper surface of 
the tongue. I would suggest that you 
examine the tongues of other cows, and 
see whether you do not find the same 
condition. The worms, even though 
present, would hardly account for the 
cow’s condition, so that the proposed ab¬ 
surd treatment will be useless. The cow 
appears to be one of those dainty feeders 
that will never eat heartily and never 
lay on much flesh. The following tonic 
powders may prove beneficial: powdered 
cinchona bark, 12 ounces ; gentian, eight 
ounces ; dry sulphate of iron, six ounces; 
mix and divide into 24 powders. Give a 
powder in her feed twice daily, or in 
water as a drench if she will not eat them 
in her feed. 
Intestinal Worms in Pigs. 
My Poland-China boar has worms. I have lest 
several pigs the past season, with them. Can you 
give me a remedy ? c. s. p. 
Georgia. 
Try oil of turpentine, which is a most 
effective vermicide for round worms. 
Following a fast of at least 12 to 16 
hours, give the turpentine as a drench, 
well shaken up in about four parts raw 
linseed or castor oil, or eight parts of 
milk. The dose of turpentine should be 
one teaspoonful to every 30 or 40 pounds’ 
weight of pig. Repeat the dose once or 
twice at intervals of about a week. If 
you have hogs running out which it 
would be difficult to catch and drench, 
the turpentine may be fed in the slop ; 
but it will be less effective. To feed the 
turpentine, allow the hogs to get very 
hungry, mix thoroughly with the slop 
just before feeding, and then see that 
each hog has an opportunity to get his 
share. Repeat once a week for several 
weeks. After the treatment, it would 
be better to place the hogs in a clean, 
dry yard where there are no pools of 
stagnant water. Allow access only to 
good running water. If confined in 
pens, they should be kept clean and dry 
Filth and stagnant water are favorable 
to the dissemination of nearly all round 
worms. In some cases, infection ap 
pears to be direct from pig to pig through 
the feces. _ 
Variations in Weights of Cows — 
At the Kansas Agricultural College, ex¬ 
periments were made to note the varia¬ 
tions in the weights of cows. It was 
found that the average weight of 13 
cows varied from 1,048 to 1,065 pounds. 
The lowest variation between weights 
for one cow was four pounds, the great¬ 
est variation, 65 pounds. Few people 
realize how much an animal of this 
kind may vary in weight under differing 
conditions. One, a Guernsey bull weigh¬ 
ing 1,342 pounds, weighed shortly aftt r 
42 pounds more, and variations of 19 or 
25 pounds are not uncommon. To some 
extent, this is due to the weight of the 
water consumed by the animals, but 
aside from this, there seems to be quite 
a difference, from time to time, in the 
weight of individuals. 
The Breeders’ Gazette says that Colo¬ 
rado-fed lambs are selling at high prices 
in Chicago. It is strange that lambs of 
this type outsell those of better form, 
fed on the farm. One reason is that these 
Colorados kill out better on account of 
their great shrinkage in the long ship¬ 
ments They are also light, and give 
small cuts and joints, which are popular 
with small families living in flats or a 
few rooms. Our local butcher says that 
the same thing is found in the local 
market in chops and joints of pork. The 
pigs weighing 100 pounds or less cut up 
far better than the big western hogs. 
This class of pigs will always sell well 
in the small eastern markets. A farmer 
who can handle them right, will find a 
good deal of profit in raising them. 
Short Sheep Notes. —I saw once or 
twice in the market reports, lsmbs 
quoted on the quarter (that is $7.25). I 
have shipped a few lambs (am sending 
30 to 40 per week now), and I never saw 
or heard of an account of sales being 
rendered for anything but even and one- 
half dollars. 
I bought some poor beans last Fall, 
because I thought they were a little 
cheaper feed than corn, bran and oil 
meal, mixed with the above-named feeds. 
It worked all right for a time, and then 
a sheep died, and soon another ; this one 
was cut open, and we found nearly a 
pint of small stones in the intestines. I 
think we lost three or four sheep that 
way, so I have come to the conclusion 
that it doesn’t pay me to feed poor beans 
I have over 200 sheep on 100 acres, and 
raise crops on all but about 25. I do it 
by sowing rape, oats, rye, corn, etc., on 
all plowed land, and in beans and corn. I 
had about 20 acres of rape last year. I 
buy most (all except 20 or 30 acres of 
bean fodder I raise) of the feed through 
the Winter. clabk allis 
Orleans County, N. Y. 
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