442 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
June 10 
Live Stockand Dairy 
"MANUFACTURING A HORSE.’' 
THE PRINCIPLES OK BREEDING. 
Influence of Sire and Dam. 
The Domestic Horse. —Tt is, perhaps, 
safe to say that the philosophy of those 
engaged in horse breeding, whether for 
the market or their own use, is embraced 
in the axiom that “like begets like.” 
With the horse in a state of nature, this 
well-established principle continues to 
be self-evident; but it cannot be ac¬ 
cepted as a safe guide with regard to 
the domestic horse, inasmuch as the 
adaptation of the horse to domestic use 
has the effect of bringing about certain 
changes, both externally and internally. 
The modern horse of commerce may, 
therefore, be properly considered as 
manufactured, so to speak, in variety to 
meet modern demand. 
Accepting the specimens handed down 
to us as improvements upon the original 
wild steed of the plains, it is patent 
that, if study, observation, comparison 
and careful mating of individuals have, 
in the past, been necessary to achieve 
the perfect domestic horse as we now see 
it, then only careful attention to the 
principles of breeding can perpetuate 
the domestic horse, and obviate the pos¬ 
sibility of reproducing defective speci¬ 
mens. Probably, no achievement of 
advanced civilization is such a distinct 
triumph of science as the improvement 
of the domestic horse with a view of 
enharc'ng its value so that the breeding 
of it shall be a profitable industry. 
Leaving aside, for the present, refer¬ 
ence to the laws of similarity, variation 
and ancestral influence, 1 will, in this 
article, confine myself to what more 
nearly concerns those engaged in horse 
breeding for profit, to whom reliable 
results are of vital importance, and that 
is the influence of the male and female 
parents upon the characteristics of the 
progeny. 
Tiie Parents. —Experience teaches 
that a foal may resemble either parent, 
or again, a foal may show characteristics 
of both parents. It is, of course, a mis¬ 
take to suppose that this is a matter of 
chance. The results we see are to be 
accounted for by certain conditions or 
influences, that is to say, fixed laws, 
which, if we study them, will become 
plain to us. The selection of parents 
possessed of individual excellencies, 
which are known or believed to have 
been marked features of their immediate 
progenitors, (fine individuals whose 
parents were also fine), may be taken as 
first principle. The food and care of the 
offspring come next in importance. 
These rules accepted, we may, I think, 
generally look for the influence of the 
male parent in all that concerns the ex¬ 
ternal aspect of the foal, and to the 
mother for what relates to the internal 
qualities. The sire may be depended 
upon for color, quality of coat and out¬ 
ward form, as well as the muscular and 
nervous traits which govern movement 
and action, the dam controlling the dis¬ 
position, hardiness or courage and free¬ 
dom from disease. 
The prevalent opinion assigning par¬ 
ticular virtue to the sire, has, I think, 
resulted from stallions being mostly 
used and believed in to improve stock. 
Attention has, naturally, been given to 
the male, as a stallion’s services are more 
extensive, and more numerous produce 
has resulted from one male than one 
female. Thus sires have become fash¬ 
ionable and the mares have been lost 
sight of, except in cases where a mare 
has produced more than one animal that 
has become celebrated on a race track, 
etc. All the good achieved has been 
credited to the fashionable sires, whereas 
the young stock should have been deemed 
improved only in the matter of certain 
features for which, perhaps, the dams 
deserve the credit. Indeed, it is not 
denied that certain females, when bred 
to inferior males, have produced stock 
superior to said males. 
If we allow that the male parent de¬ 
termines the outward form, the frame¬ 
work, or bones and muscle, quality of 
skin, organs of sense and locomotion, 
and that the female governs the inter¬ 
nal structure, such as the vital organs, 
heart, lungs, glands, digestive organs, 
and through nutrition gives tone and 
character to the vital functions, also de¬ 
termines the early growth, then we can 
aver that the parents transmit the or¬ 
ganization by halves. 
Mule and Hinny. —In no animal is 
this so clearly demonstrated as the hy¬ 
brid or mule, and hinny. The mule is 
the produce of the male ass and the fe¬ 
male horse or mare. The hinny is the 
progeny of the male horse, or stallion, 
and the female ass. The mule has 
all the external character of the 
ass ; the hinny has all the distinctive 
external features of the horse. Inter¬ 
nally, however, the mule takes after the 
horse, while the hinny has the distinctive 
internal arrangements of the ass. 
The mule is, properly speaking, a 
modified ass—the ears are like those of 
the ass, but shorter; the mane is like that 
of the ass, and stands erect, the tail is 
that of the ass, thin, round, and tufted 
at the end. The skin and color are like 
those of an ass. The legs are slender, 
and the hoofs narrow and contracted 
like those of an ass. The body and 
barrel are, however, round and full, 
being very like the middle piece of a 
mare. 
The hinny has ears like those of a 
horse, but a little longer. The mane 
flows and the tail is bushy like those of 
a horse. The skin is fine like that of 
a horse, and the color follows after his. 
The legs are stroDgand the hoofs broad, 
like those of a horse, but the body is 
long, flat and narrow, like that of a 
female ass. The mule brajs, the hinny 
neighs. From all this we may safely 
conclude that the male parent gives the 
locomotive organs and muscles and the 
voice. The hinny has the muscular 
structure of its sire, the horse, and 
therefore neighs. A. h. Godfrey. 
(To be continued.) 
PREPOTENCY IN THE BULL 
The New Jersey Experiment Station 
has a herd of 40 cows. The milk is sold 
at retail and guaranteed to contain four 
per cent, of fat. It is useless to make 
any such guarantee unless the cows are 
good ones. The bull at the head of the 
herd is a Guernsey, and there are Guern¬ 
sey, Jersey, Holstein, Ayrshire and na¬ 
tive cows. They are all good ones. An 
old dairy farmer came into the barn and 
looked them over. His comment was : 
“ Have you any heifers for sale ? 1 
will take one from any cow in the barn, 
for there isn’t a poor one here 1” 
Prof. Voorhees likes the Ayrshire 
cows. They are strong and hearty, good 
eaters, giving a good mess of fair milk. 
He would not keep all Ayrshires and 
guarantee four-per-cent milk. The 
Holsteins in the herd give lots of milk, 
but it must be enriched and colored with 
Guernsey or Jersey milk to fill the bill 
The Guernsey is the great color bearer. 
Oae Guernsey to half a dozen Holsteins 
will help out the mixed milk wonder¬ 
fully. 
The old Guernsey bull at the Station 
was a good one, and he put his color and 
shape on most of the calves. The Hol¬ 
steins, however, are too strongly pre¬ 
potent for him. They dropped calves 
like the bull in shape, but with the 
black and white color. The Holstein is 
one of the oldest of breeds. Its color 
and shape have been bred for centuries, 
and are fixed traits. The golden color 
of the Guernsey was not so strongly 
bred into the bull, and the black and 
white color prevailed. The younger 
bull, however, is more prepotent. His 
calves, out of the same Holstein cows, 
have the Guernsey color as well as the 
characteristic shape. It is a strong il¬ 
lustration of the difference in breeding. 
The bull takes what his ancestors gave 
him, and gives it to his calves. The 
young bull had stronger blood in his 
pedigree than the old one had. 
THE NEW YORK BUTTER-COLOR LAW 
The last New York legislature amend¬ 
ed the agricultural law relating to the 
manufacture and use of coloring matter 
in food products. The following is the 
full text of the amendment: 
Section 1. Article 2 of chapter 338 of the lavrs 
of 1893, entitled, “ An act In relation to agricul¬ 
ture, constituting articles 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of chap¬ 
ter 33 of the general laws,” is hereby amended 
by inserting therein a new section to be known 
as section 29a, and to read as follows: 
Sec. 29a. No person or persons s': all manufac¬ 
ture, sell or expose for sale any poisonous col¬ 
oring matter for the coloring of food products of 
any kind, nor shall any person or persons use 
any poisonous coloring matter manufactured, 
sold, olTered or exposed for sale within this State; 
nor shall any person or persons sell, offer or 
expose for sale any food product containing such 
poisonous coloring matter. The State Board of 
Health shall cause samples of coloring matter 
that are exposed for sale upon the market for use 
in foed products to be analyzed, and shall publish 
the results of such analysis. 
Sec. 2. This act shall take effect immediately 
Baby’s Milk We always decline to keep the 
milk of one cow sepa-ate for the purpose of feed 
ing infants or invalid persons. We always ex¬ 
plain to our patrons that it is much safer and 
much better to use herd milk than milk from » 
single cow. That the composition of milk is 
much more uniform than the milk from individ¬ 
ual cows is abundantly proved. That the hy¬ 
gienic qualities from the herd milk are much mo-< 
uniform than from individual cows seems tot 
obvious to require discussion, thomas f hunt 
Ohio Agricultural College. 
Horse Owners! Use 
G OMB AULT’S 
Caustic 
Balsam 
A Safe Speedy and Positive Cnn 
The Safest, Beat BLISTER ever used. Takes 
the place ox all liniments for mild or severe action. 
Removes Bunches or Blemishes from Horses 
» n d £*ttle. SUPERSEDES ALL CAUTERY 
OR FIRINC- Impossible to produce scar or blemish. 
Every bottle sold is warranted to give satisfaction 
Price $1.50 per bottle. Sold by druggists, or 
sent by express, charges paid, with full directions 
for its use. Send for descriptive circulars. 
ffHB LAWRBNCK-WILLIAMS CO., Cleveland O. 
Galled Horses 
Breasts. Backs, Mouths, etc., stained, 
healed, toughened and CURED WHILE AT WORK. 
It’s the best. You will swear to this fact if you 
willtryCALL POWDER. 60 cents by mail. 
_ MOORE BROS. ALBANY N. Y. _ 
e«VSAAAAA AA fVWWVVVWVVVVN« 
HUNTER TOOTHLESS CURRY COMB 
IS THE LATEST 
’and bent thingof 
its kind. No teeth 
to scratch, Irri¬ 
tate and Injure the skin. It’s a perfect 
shedder, and removes all dust, dand¬ 
ruff and dirt, making a smooth and 
glossy coat. Saves time, grooms ahorse 
in half the time. If your dealer doesn’t 
keep it, write us. Sample, 25(\prepaid. 
Farm Specialty Catalogue FREE. 
HUNTER CURRY COMB CO., 107 Ann St., Racine, Wis. 
25 gallon packet, 50 cents; 100 gallon, $2 If drug¬ 
gist cannot supply, send 11.76 for 100 gallon packet to 
CYRIL FRANCKLYN, 
Cotton Exchange, Hanover Square, New York City. 
Breeders’ Directory. 
Fob Sale—S even beautiful Short-horn 
Heifer Calves, and four Bull Calves, three and four 
months old, at $24.50 for Heifers, and *35 for Bulls, 
Also. Polled Durham Bulls and Heifer Calves at 
same price. ISON & LITSEY, Harrodsburg, Ky. 
White Wyandottes Exclusively.— 
Write wants. Bpencer’s Poultry Farm, Phenix, R. I. 
Pigs— Eligible to Registry, and Pirst- 
class stock at Reduced Prices. Chester White, 
Berkshire, Poland-China and Jersey Red. 
Also, poultry, wm. b. harvey, West Grove, Pa. 
£*HENANGO VALLEY STOCK FARM8, Greene, N 
^ Y.—Dutch Belted and Jersey Cattle; Dorset and 
Rambonlllet Sheep; Poland-China, Jersey Red and 
Suffolk Pigs; White and Bronee Turkeys, Peafowls, 
and Blooded Chlokens. J. D. VAN VALKENBCRGH. 
im uni ^TPINQ F0R 8ALB.-Two Pauline 
IUU nULOILIIlO Paul-De Kol Bulls ready for 
service. Butter-bred Bulls as low as $50. Calves sired 
by our famous Royal Paul, and rich-milking cows and 
heifers bred to him. Dell hurst Farms, Mentor, Ohio 
IMPROVED CHESTER WHITES 
of the best breeding and all ages for sale at reason 
able prices. Pamphlets and prices free. 
CHAS. K. RECORD, Peterboro, N. Y 
PHI AWn P UI N A Q— barge strain. Weigh from 
rULnllU~unillnO 000 to800 lbs. The business 
farmers'hog for sale at business prices. Write for 
information. F. H. Gates & Sons, Chittenango, N.Y. 
LARGE 
ENGLISH 
C. 
BERKSHIRES 
Send for Catalogue. 
FRED. BOS HART, Lowville, N. Y. 
GUERNSEYS. 
84 Cows averaged 399 pounds 
butter each in 1898. Some 
choice young stock for sale. 
ELLERSLIE STOCK FARM, 
RHINECL1FF, N. Y 
Registered Guernseys. 
Seven cows; four heifers springing : three 13 
mos,, five 4 to 8 mos. Two bulls: One 1 mo., one 
0 mos. A. J. SNYDER, Plumsteadville, Pa. 
Registered Jersey Cattle 
For Milk and Butter. 
It. F. 8UANNON, 907 Liberty St., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
WILLSWOOD FARM. 
BERKSHIRE SWINE. 
GUERNSEY CATTLE. 
Order all ages and both sexes swine. Bull Calves. 
Choicest selections to EXPAND your herds. Reason¬ 
able prices. WILLS A. SKWAItD, Budd’s Lake, N.J. 
BLOODED LIVE STOCK 
Sheep —Oxfords,Shropshires.South- 
downs. Fancy Poultry. Pigs— 
Berksliires, Poland-Chinas, Chester 
Whites, Y orkshires. Catalogue free. 
H. L. HOLMES, Harrisburg, Pa. 
Reg. P. Chinas, Berkshires 
And Chester Whites. Choice 
Spring Pigs. 8 week old, mated 
not akin. Bred sows & service 
boars. Poultry. Write for hard 
times prices and freejoircular. 
Hamilton A Co., Cochranville, Chester County, Pa. 
LargeYorkshirePigs 
THE ENGLISH BACON BREED. 
Healthy, hardy and most prolific of ail breeds 
Have raised 147 pigs from four sows the past year 
Choice Boars. Gilts and bred sows for sale by 
HILLS & PRICE, Crystal Spring Farm, Delaware, O. 
POULTRY 
Wo keep everything in the POULTRY LINE,' 
Ysnoing, Feed, Incubators, Live Stock, Brooders ' 
—anything— it’s our business. Call or let us ' 
sand yon our illustrated catalogue— it’s free for « 
the asking— it’s worth having. < 
Excelsior Wire and Poultry Supply llo., < 
♦ 28 Vesey Street, New York City. ♦ 
LOUSY SITTING HENS 
will leave their nests at every op¬ 
portunity, grow thinner and thinner— 
often die before hatching time. 
Lambert’s Death to Lice 
will clean a hen, sitting or standing, the 
minute you put it on. It will not Injure 
eggs or little chickens. Trial siae 10* 
post paid. 64-page POULTR Y 
BOOK FKEE. 
D. J. LAMBERT, 
Box SOT Appeaaag, JL L 
BEITS "OLD SCRATCH” 
If a hen had fingers and finger nails site'd 
wear them oft try¬ 
ing to relieve herself 
from annoyance by 
lice. Why don’t you 
relieve her and al 
low Iter to devote all 
her time to the egg 
business? How? Use 
Lee’s Lice Killer. 
It’s so easy too. No catching or handling of the 
fowls. Just paint it on the roosts or sprinkle it 
oil the dropping boards, nests, floor, &c., and it’s 
done: all head or body lice, mites, &c., are dead. 
It’s cheap too; only costs 75c. for a gallon can. 
Get it from our agent. If there is no agent there 
get it yourself and be an agent. They make mon¬ 
ey. Book on “Insects” and poultry disease free. 
GEO. H. LEE CO. Omaha, Neb. or 08 Murray St. New York. 
