January 2 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
A TT 
; Pluralisms | 
NOTES FROM THE RURAL GROUNDS 
Old and New Chrysanthemums.— 
Some idea of the g.eat horticultural 
changes wrought by long selection in the 
oriental Chrysanthemum may be had 
from Fig. 3, page 3, though the speci- 
abouts yard manure is always in short 
supply. It is as staple and readily sal¬ 
able as wheat. The inducement for the 
householder who keeps a horse, cow or 
pigs and sells the manure to make bulk 
as rapidly as possible by throwing in all 
sorts of infected garbage is evident. He 
has been informed that all vegetable 
and animal wastes have fertilizing 
qualities, but does not realize that the 
disease-transmitting qualities of decom¬ 
posing proteids at times outweigh their 
mens were not in good condition when 
photographed. The large flower on the 
right is one of the newer exhibition va¬ 
rieties, rather more than eight inches in 
diameter, while the twig to the left car¬ 
ries a cluster of single yellow blooms 
scarcely half an inch across individually. 
This is an old variety known as Golden 
Chain and quite closely represents the 
type species, Chrysanthemum Indicum. 
The plant bearing this twig had several 
thousand flowers open at the same time, 
while the exhibition bloom represents 
the concentrated energy of an entire 
plant, all buds but the selected one hav¬ 
ing been removed as soon as developed. 
The resulting massive flower is decora¬ 
tive in the highest degree, and credit¬ 
able to horticultural skill working for 
innumerable generations of plant life 
along consistent lines. Another species, 
C. morifolium, not now found in nature, 
is credited by remote hybridization with 
C. Indicum, with supplying the pink, 
bronze and red shades so much admired 
in modern Chrysanthemums. The type 
of C. morifolium is supposed to have 
purple rays, and it is by the blending of 
this tint with the yellow of Indicum that 
the present wide color range has been 
developed. The largest and most per¬ 
fect exhibition blooms are generally 
borne on yellow or white varieties, 
though some of the newer big ones are 
light pink or lavender. It would seem 
as if the limit in Chrysanthemum size 
had been reached, but no one may safely 
predict the ultimate possibilities of the 
gardener’s art. 
The Compost Heap. —Few features of 
home gardening have been lately so 
much exploited as the possibilities of 
the compost heap. It is a favorite sub¬ 
ject with popular writers on kindred 
topics, who do not fail to ascribe most 
astonishing economies in conserving 
fertility by dumping all weeds and 
trash, kitchen scraps and fag ends of 
vegetation generally in some out-of-the- 
way corner and allowing them to rot to¬ 
gether. So far as saving plant food is 
concerned this is all right, but sad ex¬ 
perience sooner or later teaches us that 
such composts make effective culture 
tubes, if the term is permissible, for 
many of the worst disease organisms af¬ 
fecting vegetation. When the trimmings 
from rusty beets, scabby potatoes, 
blighted melons and club-foot cabbages 
are incorporated in the garden compost 
the germs find conditions favorable for 
prolonged existence, if they do not act¬ 
ually increase. The resulting infected 
mass is not the best medium in which 
to start seeds or to fertilize tender 
plants, though it may contain in concen¬ 
trated form the necessary chemical ele¬ 
ments. 
Burn Diseased Plants. —What to do 
with diseased plants and vegetable 
wastes in these days of multiplied plant 
affections is a rather puzzling question. 
If we compost them or throw them to 
the pigs or chickens we only, in the re¬ 
sulting manures, still further spread op¬ 
portunities for disease. If burned the 
germs are at once destroyed and the 
contained potash and phosphorus is 
saved, though the nitrogen is lost. If 
allowed to dry up or desiccate the dis¬ 
ease organisms largely perish and more 
fertility is saved, but if kept moist in 
the usual manner of composts they are 
likely to increase at an excessive rate. It 
seems very probable that the wide pre¬ 
valence of garden plant diseases is 
greatly due to the use of composts and 
manures made with garbage. Here¬ 
manurial value. 
May be Used on Field Crops. —The 
objection to garbage composts and ma¬ 
nures applies more particularly to gar¬ 
dens wherein are grown succulent vege¬ 
tables. They can be quite safely used 
on grasses, grains and corn. The farm¬ 
er or Tiairyman may use such infected 
material at discretion on crops of the 
Gramineae or grass family, but it is not 
suitable for the home or market garden¬ 
er. Sound manures from grain-fed ani¬ 
mals or poultry, fortified with chemicals 
are best. Potash and lime may be had 
in wood ashes, and some attempt should 
be made even in the smallest gardens to 
fix free nitrogen by the clovers, cow 
peas or other legumes. The time will 
surely come when night soils and gar¬ 
bage will be generally prohibited, on ac¬ 
count of their infective qualities, as di¬ 
rect applications to crops used for hu¬ 
man food, notwithstanding their ac¬ 
knowledged manurial values. Of what 
profit is it to furnish a plant fertility 
and inoculate it at the same time with 
a disease that destroys or diverts assim¬ 
ilation? 
Good and Bad Composts. —Composts 
are necessary in the finer processes of 
gardening, but they should be made in 
a cleanly manner, and be kept free from 
contamination. There is nothing better 
than compounds of clean sods free from 
weed seeds and manure from grain or 
forage-fed animals, mixed in varying 
proportions, and well worked together as 
decomposition progresses. It takes about 
two years to make a first-class article, 
but much may be accomplished in one 
season by frequent turnings. If you 
start such a compost do not degrade it 
with doubtful organic wastes, keep them 
separate, burn where possible or bury 
deeply. The ounce of prevention in this 
matter is worth whole tons of the dis¬ 
ease "cures” our scientists have so far 
provided. 
Water Glass All Right. —On page 
896, R. N.-Y. for December 27, 1902, we 
gave our experience in the use of water 
glass or silicate of soda solution for egg 
preserving. One pound of commercial 
solution was purchased for the usual re¬ 
tail price of 25 cents at the beginning of 
April of last year, diluted with nine 
times its bulk of cold water and placed 
in a stone jar of three gallons capacity. 
As fast as gathered 14 dozens of new- 
laid eggs, worth 12 cents a dozen, were 
placed in the solution, about all it would 
cover, and the whole kept in a cool cel¬ 
lar until December, when the price had 
advanced to 36 cents a dozen. On trial 
every egg was found in perfect condi¬ 
tion, scarcely distinguishable to the taste 
from perfectly fresh ones. The profit 
on the transaction at above prices was 
$2.11. To ascertain if the solution could 
be again used with good results it was 
heated to the boiling point in April of 
this year, and nine dozens of fresh eggs 
placed in it when cool. Most of these 
eggs have been used since the middle 
of November, and so far every one has 
been in perfect condition, even making 
omelets comparable to the new-laid ar¬ 
ticle. As eggs are selling locally on a 
basis of 40 cents a dozen at this season 
the difference between Spring and Win¬ 
ter prices amounts to $2.34 this year, as 
there is no charge for preserving liquid. 
Water glass solution is a well tested egg 
preservative in many parts of the world, 
but the question of its full capacity for 
the purpose does not appear to be work¬ 
ed out. In quantity it is said to be quite 
inexpensive, and it probably could be 
purchased cheaply by Granges or farm¬ 
ers’ clubs, but the price of 25 cents a 
pound bottle cannot be considered un¬ 
reasonable when so packed and retailed. 
The 10-per-cent dilution as above is 
usually recommended for egg preserv¬ 
ing, but some authorities say three per 
cent is enough. This would cut the first 
cost down nearly 67 per cent, but the 10- 
per-cent dilution used two years only 
costs about one cent for each dozen eggs, 
and seems to be perfectly safe. w. v. f. 
Mr. Robert B. Pusey, Prop, of the Manokin 
Poultry Farm at Princess Aune, Md., who 
makes a specialty of breeding Single Comb 
White Leghorns, writes ordering a supply of 
Bowker’s Animal Meal, and adds : “After two 
seasons’ use i have to say for Bowker’s Ani¬ 
mal Meal that I could not keep hens with 
profit without it. Green bone is very good, 
but considering the cost of cutter, time, 
trouble and expense of operating, and the 
fact that butchers never have enough bone 
when wanted I find Bowker’s Animal Meal 
decidedly cheaper.’’—Adv. 
DA DUO of Plank save Timber and Cash. Cheapest, 
DHnllO strongest, best. 7.000 In 42 States. Book for 
stamp. SHAWVER BROTHERS, Beilefontaine, Ohio 
WE’LL PAY THE FREICHT 
»nd send 4 llugity Whndi, Ste»l Tire on, . $7.25 
With Rubber Tire*, $15.00. I mfg. wheel* % to 4 In. 
tread. Top Buggies, $28.75 i Hsrness, $3.60. Writ* for 
catalogue. Learn how to bay vehtoles and part* dlreet 
Wagon Umbrella FREE. W. B. BOOB, Cincinnati, O- 
ICE 
CUTTING u w 1S y 
Hade 
In Three 
Size*. 
BORSCH All Steel, Double- 
Kow ICE PLOW S. Marks and 
outs two rows at a time; cuts any size cake 
nnd any depth, and does it with ease and economy. 
Does the work of twenty men sawing by hand. Pays for Itself IV 
two days. No farmer, dairyman, hotel man or other can afford to 
be without It. Ask for cataloene and introductory prices 
John Borsch A Sons. 2 2 6 W ells St.. Mil wuukee.Wla. 
WATER TANKS 
MADE op 
are the 
RALPH B. CARTER CO., 26 Cortlandt St., N.T 
MAPLE SUGAR MAKERS AnotherDav 
Another Sugar season Is ad¬ 
vancing, If you wish to make 
one-fourth more Syrup or 
Sugar of ai better 
quality without in¬ 
jury to your trees, 
order the Grimm 
Spout, Now. One million are 
now ready They won't last 
jong Samples free Also my 
system for tapping. G. H. GRIMM, Rutland, Vt. 
RUBEROID. 
TRAM MARK REGISTERED. 
ROOFING 
STANDARD FOR 
TWELVE YEARS. 
LASTS INDEFINITELY EASILY 
APPLIED, 
WEATHER-PROOF. 
FIRE-RESISTING. 
Manufactured solely by 
THE STANDARD PAINT CO. 
Department K. 
loo William Street, N. Y. 
Corn 
must have a sufficient supply of 
Potash 
in order to develop into a crop. 
No amount of Phosphoric 
Acid or Nitrogen can compen¬ 
sate for a lack of potash in 
fertilizers [for 
grain and all 
other crops]. 
We shall be glad 
to send free to anv 
farmer ouriittlebook 
which contains valu¬ 
able informat ion 
about soil culture. 
GERHAN KALI WORKS, 
93 Nassau St., New York. 
Get the Best 
A Gootl Spray Pump earns big 
profits and lasts for years. 
THE ECLIPSE 
Is a good pump. As prac¬ 
tical fruit growers we 
were using the com¬ 
mon sprayers in our 
own orchards—found 
their defectsandtheninvented 
Tlie Eclipse. Its success 
practical ly forced us into man¬ 
ufacturing on a large scale. 
You take no chances. -We have 
done all the experimenting. 
large fully illustrated «. 
Catalogue and Treatise 
on Spraying — FREE. 
MOltRIIX &• MOKLEY. Benton Harbor, Mich. 
Constant Force 
on the nozzle, a fine spray and thor¬ 
ough agitating of the mixture, all 
from driving along the orchard row, with 
WALLACE’S 
POWER SPRAYER 
Steer, Bull or Horse 
hide, Calf skin, Dog 
skin, or any other kind 
of hide or skin, and let 
us tan it with the hair 
on, soft, light, odorless 
and moth-proof, for robe, 
rug, coat or gloves. 
But first get our Catalogue, 
giving prices, and our shipping 
tags and instructions, so as to 
avoid mistakes. We also buy 
raw furs and ginseng. £ 
THE CROSBY FRISIAN FUR COMPANY, 
116 Mill Street, Rochester, N. Y. 
It fits 
to any 
any wagon gear and attaches 
shape supply tank. Saves 25% 
of liquid and half the labor of 
operating. High pressure 
through compressed air— 
enough to keep two 
4 point Vermorel 
nozzles go¬ 
ing. Only 
hand work 
is directing 
the nozzles. 
Wrltefor free booklet 7 . 
WALLACE MACHINERY CO. 
Champaign, III 
watou; 
To send to every town sample of the 
' new *’ Kant-Klog ” Sprayer. First 
applicant gets wholesale prices and 
, agency. Big money made with sprayers 
during winter. Fullpartlculars free. 
Address, Rochester Spray Pump Co., 
lb East Avk., Rochester, N.Y. 
ELECTRIC 
Metal Wheels 
will give you a new wagon and a 
lifetime's service out of your old 
running gears. They are the 
modern great service wheel. 
Made to lit any wagon, adapted 
to every duty. Straight or stag¬ 
gered oval steel spokes, broad 
tired, any height desired. You 
will be through with repairs and save money, fields 
and labor of horse and man. Write at once for our 
catalogue. It’s free for the asking. 
ELECTRIC WHEEL CO.* 
BOX 88_Quincy, Illinois. 
SPRAY 
^PERFECT AGITATORS witi 
-EMPIRE 
the | 
KING 
ORCHARD MONARCH 
PERFECT AGITATORS with Automatic Brush 
I for cleaning strainer. No leather or rubber valves. All styles of Spray I 
I Pomps. Book free. “No swindled feelinglfyouuse our pumps." 
”"'l 1th SI. Elmira, N.Y. I 
PRAYING 
brings fruitsand flowers. We make 
tlie right appliances. Special adapta- [ 
tion to every need. 
HAND, BUCKET, BARREL KNAP¬ 
SACK and POWER SPRAYERS. 
20styles. Nozzles, hose, attachments, formulas, I 
every spraying accessory. Write for free catalog. I 
The Doming Co., Salem, O. 
Western Agents, Henxon ft UubbcLl, Chicago. 
rClENTIFIC GRINDING MILLS grind Coro 
| in the ear, or Grain in any form. Strong, exact, 
reliable. Catalogue D mailed free. 
EDOS MFG. CO., Springfield, Ohio. 
Seed Saving 
goes with the use of the right 
seeder. 
CAHOON 
Broadcast Seeder 
saves H th® It seeds as high as 
50 acres a day. It runs easily and 
smoothly, and it has been tho best 
for 45 years. 
SOWER’S MANUAL, 
a book telling all about how, when 
and whero to sow good and how much 
to sow. Sent free. Ask for it. 
Goodell Co., 14 MainSt., Antrim. N.H. 
I JVC HESTER 
RIFLE ®» PISTOL CARTRIDGES. 
It’s the shots that hit that count. ** Winchester 
Rifle and Pistol Cartridges in all calibers hit, that is, 
they shoot accurately and strike a good, hard, pene¬ 
trating blow. This is the kind of cartridges you will get, 
if you insist on having the time-tried Winchester make. 
ALL DEALERS SELL WINCHESTER MAKE OF CARTRIDGES. 
