1897 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
63 
Primer Science. 
(continued.) 
and briefly note the changes as they 
occur. The food, when swallowed, first 
passes into the crop, 4, Fig. 34, which is 
simply a pouch or dilation of the oeso¬ 
phagus, from which it does not differ in 
structure. The crop serves as a store¬ 
house or reservoir for the food as it is 
hastily eaten by the animal while feed¬ 
ing. There is no digestion in the crop. 
The only change that takes place is the 
partial softening of the dry food by 
being impregnated with the water or 
other fluids which the fowl drinks. 
“ Whenever the stomach requires food, 
the contractions of the muscular walls 
of the crop force a quantity onward 
through the thoracic portion of the 
oesophagus 5, Fig. 34, with the glandular 
compartment of the stomach (3, Fig. 34. 
The stomach of the fowl is divided into 
two distinct and very different compart¬ 
ments ; the first is known as the suc- 
centric ventricle or glandular stomach 6, 
Fig. 34, the true stomach in fact, where 
the gastric juices are secreted and where 
digestion begins ; the second compart¬ 
ment is the gizzard or muscular stomach 
7, Fig. 34. The glandular or true stomach 
is a small ovoid sac with a narrow 
cavity, and were it not for its glandular 
structure, might be considered a con¬ 
tinuation of the oesophagus. 
“ The food does not accumulate in the 
glandular stomach, being retained only 
long enough to be mixed with the gas¬ 
tric juices, when it is passed on to the 
gizzard, where it is triturated with 
silicious pebbles and ground to a pulp. 
When the food has been sufficiently 
triturated in the gizzard, it becomes a 
partially digested grumous mixture that 
is termed chyme. This chyme passes 
from the gizzard into the intestine, the 
terminal portion of the alimentary 
canal. The intestine of the fowl is 
nearly uniform in diameter throughout 
its length, so that it is difficult to desig¬ 
nate the various regions or subdivisions 
commonly recognized in mammals. 
“ There is also poured into the upper 
portions of the intestines through the 
biliary and pancreatic ducts, 18, Fig. 34, 
the bile and pancreatic juice, which, 
together with the intestinal juices, is 
mixed with the chyme to complete the 
process of digestion. The assimilable 
products of digestion, i. e., the diffusible 
peptones, emulsified fats, sugars and 
salts in solution and water, are mainly 
absorbed by the capillary blood vessels 
and lacteals of the upper portion of the 
the intestine. The waste products are 
allowed to pass on through the lower 
intestine, and are excreted as feces.” 
It will thus appear that the “inside 
works” of a hen are much like those of 
a cow. Instead of the great paunch 
filled with water, the hen has the crop 
and gizzard with moisture and small 
stones. And now, knowing something 
about the life engine in cows and hens, 
let us consider the fuel a little. 
A FEW POINTS ABOUT INCUBATORS. 
It is a fact that there are three persons 
who make a failure of operating in¬ 
cubators where there is one who makes 
a success of it, and the reasons, I think, 
are very easily explained. In the first 
place the unsuccessful ones will purchase 
a large machine, probably 200 or 300-egg 
size, and as they have only a few laying 
hens they will keep the eggs until they 
get enough to fill the machine, using 
every egg that they have. By that time 
those first saved are too old for incubat¬ 
ing. Again, some will not have any lay¬ 
ing hens, and as soon as the incubator 
arrives they will buy anything and every¬ 
thing that is shown them as fresh and 
fertile eggs ; eggs get chilled very 
quickly at this season of the year, long 
before they are frozen, or long before 
one might think they are injured, but 
an egg that has been chilled the least 
bit is ruined for hatching. My advice 
to those who have failed, and to those 
about to start, is, if you have not enough 
laying hens to fill the machine in three 
or four days, arrange matters with some 
farmer, and agree to pay him a little 
extra price for his eggs, if he will take 
a little extra care of them, and gather 
the eggs two or three times each day. 
Do not place them all in the incubator, 
but sort them just as you do when you 
are going to set a hen with 13 or 15 eggs. 
Use only those that are perfect in shape, 
and with smooth, perfect shells. 
I think that a 100-egg incubator is 
better for a beginner than a larger size ; 
then run the machine four or five days 
before placing any eggs in it, so that 
you will thoroughly understand its 
operations. Place the eggs in the incu¬ 
bator as the directions tell you ; have a 
stated, regular time to turn them morn¬ 
ing and evening, always fill and trim 
the lamp at night, so that it will have 
its full force to carry the temperature 
through the coolest part of the 24 hours. 
After the fourth day, cool the eggs at 
noon by opening the incubator doors 
(don't take the eggs out to cool), cool 
down to 85 degrees and close the doors 
again. Cool every day until the 18th 
day; do not cool after that. Use the egg 
tester and test out all infertile eggs on 
the evening of the fifth day. As to 
moisture, I always use the egg tester 
for this, and test a few of them every 
night or two. An egg, you know, must 
be dried down to one-fourth the con¬ 
tents of the shell at hatching time, and 
by using the egg tester you can tell 
whether it is drying down fast enough 
or not. If it is drying down too fast, 
put some water in the moisture pans; 
if, on the other hand, it is not drying 
enough, take the water out of the pan. 
By regulating the moisture in this way, 
you will know just how it is running. 
Always let the chicks remain in the 
machine until they get dry and smart. 
Be very careful not to let the tempera¬ 
ture run down when they are hatching. 
Marilla, N. Y. n. h. b. 
TWENTY-FIVE BUSINESS BENS. 
About a year ago, I told you that we 
had a little flock of pullets and, at the 
end of the year, would give the results. 
Commencing in 1895 in a small way, as 
that seemed the better policy, we raised 
47 chickens to maturity from four sit¬ 
tings of eggs. Of these, we kept 25 
pullets. They commenced to lay about 
November 15, 1895, when six months old. 
From that date to November 15, 1896, 
they laid 4,229 eggs—169 average each. 
Primarily, we engaged in this business 
for pleasure and fresh eggs, and inci¬ 
dentally, for profit. The following ac¬ 
count will show how well we have 
succeeded : 
Eggs sold to our local store. $64 96 
Cost of feed. $12.50 
Depreciation of stock. 2.46 
- 14.96 
Net profit. $50.50 
The feed was bran and corn meal, 
equal parts by weight, with the waste 
from the table of a small family, a trif¬ 
ling amount, for the morning meal; 
mixed grain, wheat, oats and cracked 
corn, equal parts by measure, and some 
green stuff daily in its season, grass, 
weeds, apples, etc., with shells, grit, 
pure water, with a modicum of care and 
common sense. No patent feeds, medi¬ 
cines, condiments or stimulating foods 
were used, hence we have no certificates 
for specialties to “make hens lay.” 
This feed, probably, is not strictly a 
“ balanced ration” ; doubtless, more 
meat and vegetables would be better, 
but the result shows a very satisfactory 
balance on the right side of the ledger. 
Our fowls are a cross—three-fourths 
White Leghorn, one-fourth W. P. Rock, 
a handsome business fowl. The eggs 
are uniform in size and larger than eggs 
average. Their winter quarters contain 
only 145 feet of floor space, but are 
warm, dry and light, which is very 
essential. There are no indications of 
disease, except one, and late in the year, 
probably from overwork. 
From the above account, one might 
infer that the poultry business might be 
exceedingly profitable on a large scale, 
but the average poultryman finds diffi¬ 
culties in the way which are not easily 
or generally overcome, hence the aver¬ 
age profit, probably, does not exceed $1 
per fowl. G. s. 
Weare, N. IB_ 
I have used Dr. D. Jayne's Expectorant in iny 
family for Croup, and I tind nothing to equal it. 
K. T DAVENPORT. Valley Head, Alabama, October 
18,1895 
For constipation take Jayne's Painless Sanative 
Pills.— Adv. ' 
HORSEMEN 
RECOMMEND 
TUTTLE’S ELIXIR 
Used and Endorsed 
by Adams Ex. Co. 
As a sure, safe and 
speedy cure for Colic, 
Curb, Splints, Contracted 
and Knotted Cords, Cal- I 
Ions of all kinds. Shoe, 
Boils, when first started, 
etc. For Kingbone.l 
Spavins. Cockle Joints, 
etc., nothing else will' 
give surer or quicker re- | 
lief. It will locate lame¬ 
ness when applied by re- 1 
mainlng moist on part, 
affected. The rest dries 
out. A few more appli¬ 
cations will cure. 
HEAD WITAT OTHERS SAY: 
Dear Sir: 1 have doctored horses for the 
last 25 years, and I think your Elixir the best 
liniment 1 have ever used, and I would recom¬ 
mend it to any one. C. M. Guyer, Wolcott, Vt. , 
Dear Sir: I had a horse that had two bunches 
1 on his shoulder, caused by wearing a new collar. 
Less than one bottle of your Elixir cured It after 
six mouths’ standing. L. W. Fisher, Wolcott.Vt. 
Tuttle’s Family Elixir cures Rheumatism, 
Sprains, Bruises, Pains, etc. Sample of either { 
Elixir sent freo for three 2-cent stamps to pay 
postage. 60 cents buyseltherElixirof any drug- i 
gist, or it will be sent direct on receipt of price. 
DR. S. A. TUTTLE, Sole Proprietor, 
27 It Beverly Street, BOSTON, MASS. 
WHEN A COW 
Forgets to Breed 
it is no sign she is ready to 
die - but a symptom of 
something wrong, which 
Injectio Vaginae 
BOOK OF HINTS FREE. 
MOORE BROS., Albany, N. Y 
DIREGT-UM BIT 
Best Combination Bit made. 
Severe or Easy 
as you want it. 
Tw.sinraaj.arw Sample mailed, XC #1.00. 
' XJ Nickel *1.50. 
RACINE MALLEABLE IRON CO.. RA w c .'s N . E ’ 
BEFORE BUYING A NEW HARNESS 
Sendyour&ddresswlth Scstamp forlllus. 
Catalog.givingfull description of Single 
and Double Custom Hand-Made Oak 
Leather Harness. Sold direct to consu¬ 
mer, at wholesale prices. King IIurneiw 
Co., No. lO Church St., Owegn, X. Y. 
A ^ A g(j A A, -«> AO A A . 
f*vWrwfv-vWT*vwT*vvvvt 
For a knife that will out a horn without I 
crushing, because it cuts from four 
. -sides at once get. -- 
THE KEYSTONE m 
—DEHORNER—? 
It is humane, rapid and durable. Fully 9 
warranted. Highest award at World's 9 
Fair. Descriptive circulars UTR/IETE. A 
A. C. BKOSIUS, Cochranville, Pa. 9 
♦9»9»Q»9»9»9»9»9-49»g>» 
KEEPERS! 
SEND FOR sample copy of 
CLEANINCS IN BEE CULTURE. 
lA Handsomely Illustrated Magazine and a 
'Catalogue of BEE SUPPLIES. Valuable 
book on Bees given FREE to each one who men¬ 
tions this paper. THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O. 
LOTS OF EGGS 
when hens aro fed green 
cut bone, cut by tho 
Improved ’96 
MANN’S 
CREEN BONE CUTTER 
the standard of the world. 12 
sizes. $5 and up. O. O. D. or 
On Trial. CatTg/ree if you 
name this paper. 
F. W. MANN CO.. Milford, Mats. 
JERSEY 
CATTLE 
First-C/ass Dairy Stock. 
Registered CALVES, 
BULLS and COWS. 
R. F. SHANNON,] 
907 Liberty St., Pittsburgh. Pa. 
Farm.Edgexvorth.P.F.W.&C.R.R 
Guernseys. 
SIXTY HEIFERS FOR SALE. 
Highly bred, good individuals, perfect condi¬ 
tion. Very uniform lot. Come and see them. 
ELLERSLIE STOCK FARM, 
RHINKCLIFF, N. Y. 
C HENANGO VALLEY STOCK FARMS, Greene, N. 
Y.—Dutch Belted and Jersey Cattle; Dorset and 
Ramboulllet 8 heep; Poland-China. Jersey Red and 
SulToik Pigs: White and Bronze Turkeys, Peafowls 
and Blooded Chickens. J. D. VAN VALKENBURGH. 
G. G. GIBBS, Blairstown, N. J., 
BREEDER OF 
DUTCH BELTED CATTLE. 
Surplus Calves away down. 
Have you bought a Boar ? 
Willswood Herd 
Recorded Berkshire Swine. 
WILLS A. 8 EWARD, Budd’s Lake, N. J. 
Reg. Berkshires&P. Chinas 
choice blood; 50 young sows 
bred to farrow In March and 
April. Positively hard times 
prices. Young Boars and Sows 
not akin, ali ages. 
HAMILTON & CO. Cochranville, Chester Co., Pa. 
SViVftfi, VJW Uxttfc 
IcJlRbT I^PPUCAW \u twitt LotMJUX 
tamm. 
8. W. SMIT 
B erkshire, Chester White, 
Jersey Red <fc Poland China 
IPIGS. Jersey, Guernsey <fc Hol¬ 
stein Cattle. Thoroughbred 
Sheep, Fancy Poultry, Hunting 
. and House Dogs. Catalogue, 
ochranvllle, Chester Co., Pa. 
Cheshires 
Choice broad, deep and long¬ 
bodied Boars; young Sows bred 
and Fall Pigs that are just as 
line. ED. S. HILL, Tompkins 
County, Peruvllle, N. Y. 
nhochirae~ ServIce boars ’ sows bred and 
Ull vwlllD 6d ready to breed: young pigs in pairs 
not akin. W.E. Mandevllle, Brookton, Tomp. Co.,N.Y 
PIGS 
$100 
—Poland Chinas and Chester White Pigs. 
Reg. stock. Pigs all ages. Farmers’ 
prices. ALISON BAKER, Smyrna, Pa. 
buys half-interest in KING PERFEC¬ 
TION 3d. the great Poland-China Boar. 
Also Pigs to sell. 
F. U. GATES & SONS. Chittenango, N. Y. 
F OU SALK—Two Collie Dogs, beauties. Apply to 
J. C. Duncan, Supt. for L. D. ltuinsey, Lewiston,N.Y 
C ockerels, Pekin Ducks and Ground Beef Scraps 
BROOKS1DE POULTRY FARM, Columbus, n!j! 
J. D. Souder, Telford. Pa. All var. Poultry, Pigeons 
Eggs, $1 ft 16; $3 fi 52. Fine col cat. 4c., cir. free. 
NEW M AMMOTH 
Poultry Cuidefor 1897. Some- 
thing entirely new ;almost 100 pages; con¬ 
tains lithograph plate of Fowls in natural 
colors; plans for poultry houses, remedies 
and recipes for all diseases ,how to make 
Poultry and Gardening pay;only 15cents. 
JohnBanscher, Jr.. Box66Freeport, Ill. 
Don’t Try U 
L to get something for Q 
nothing. Buy the j* 
***! “MarilTa” Incubator 
I ami Brooder, if they 
don’t suit send them Q 
able in |irice-not 
back. Tlie’r reason- 
»t cheap. Cat’lgSc. Ad’s Q 
MARILLA Incubator Co. Marilla N. Y. 
What is the Best Incubator! Buckeye 
Hatcher of course. We not only guaran¬ 
tee i t. but don’t ask I cent unless you’re 
satisfied. Wo make Self Regulating guar¬ 
anteed Incubators forts. Send 4c for No. 23 cat¬ 
alogue. Buckeye Incubator to., Springfield, O. 
SAUMENIG! 
HATCHERS are made on best 
lines and of best material known 
to incubator art. They cannot fail. 
HEATS WITH HOT WATER! 
Hatches every egg that cun be 
hatched. Send 2 Rtamps for enta- 
1°kNo.26. INVINCIBLE HATCHER 
COMPANY, Springfield. Ohio. 
POULTRY SUPPLIES 
Send for 1897 Catalogue, Free. New York State 
Agency for Prairie State Incubators. 
Excelsior Wire and Poultry Supply Co., 
28 Vesey Street, New York City. 
P OULTRY SUPPLIES of all kinds. Cut clover hay, 
bone, shell, grit, animal meal, etc Large catalogue 
free. HARVEY SEED CO., 21 Ell. St., Buffalo, N. Y. 
BONE MEAL FOR POULTRY 
Crushed Oyster Shells, Calcite, Crushed Flint, Granu¬ 
lated Bone, Ground Beef Scraps. Send for Price List.. 
YORK CHEMICAL WORKS, York, Pa. 
62 FIRST PREMIUMS 
The largest breeders in the world use 
PRAIRIE STATE MACHINES 
exclusively. Send for 168 page catalog. 
PBAIBIE STATE UTCB. CO. Homer City, Pa. 
OLENTANGY INCUBATOR. 
1 nis machine will hatch every egg that can 
be hatched. It is the best. Absolutely 
self-regulating. Olentangy Brooders only 
$5- Send stamp for catalogue. Address. 
GEO. S. SINGER, Cardington, O. 
HATCH Chickens by steam- 
01119 With the MODEL 
EYfiFI ?MR Inrtrhntnr 
1 Simple. Perfect, Self-Rcgulat - 
; H.IIVHIIjf Iff operation. Lowest priced 
I Circulars free.' M J llrst-eln-m Ilatchcr made. 
II Send 6 c. for 0 GEO. 11. STAHL. 
U Illns. Catalogue. Ill 1 4 tol 22 H. 6 th St, Oiilnev III 
THE improved | 
iSiaa’ VICTOR Incubator! 
P . ..Uii’ Hatche9 Chickens by Steam. Absolutely 1 
A. 5 ? *JE T! «elf-regulating. The simplest, most I 
t ~Vr ' eliabl0 ' Cheapest first-class Hatcher I 
loguc B Si In the market. Clrculara FltEF 
tots t ''(GKO. EKTEL CO.?OriXTV Tr 1 1 
LICE 
THYIYIO-CRESOL 
Fleas, Ticks, Scab, Mange and 
other parasitical troubles. “The 
Cold Water Dip,” recommended 
and used by the leading Breeders and Veterinarians all over 
world; non-poisonous. Mixes instantly with cold water. Sample by 
mail 50 c. For sale by all reliable dealers. Lawford Bros., Baltimore, Md., Sole Agents for U. S. 
the 
