1897 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
5i5 
can of cream. This is, of course, diluted before being 
retailed. The expression “ 30-pound” or “ 40-pound” 
cream is a trade term, and it happens that since a 40- 
quart can of cream weighs from 82 to 84 pounds, and 
since the “overrun” in churning should be from 14 to 
17 per cent, a can of 30 or 40-pound cream contains a 
little more than 30 or 40 per cent of butter fat. 
C'eam containing 40 per cent of fat, when two or three 
days old and thoroughly chilled, will flow as slowly 
as thick honey. Cream with as high as 60 per cent of 
fat will run freely from the separator. Probably 
little cream is retailed with more than 25 per cent of 
fat. However, a member of, perhaps, the fanciest 
dairy concern in New York City told me that they 
were retailing 40-per cent cream at 80 cents per 
quart. Certainly cream containing 30 per cent of fat 
would be as rich as could be desired for most pur¬ 
poses. Last winter, a city caterer brought to the 
Cornell Laboratory a sample of cream which he said 
was just right for ice cream. To my surprise, it 
tested only 16 per cent of fat. 
With the deep-setting system, the cream generally 
contains not more than from 18 to 22 per cent. Be¬ 
fore it was learned how to handle separator cream, it 
did not give as good satisfaction as did the cream 
from cold settings. The ice cream men said that it 
lid not whip well. We now know that the way 
to make separator cream whip well is to hold it for a 
long time at a low temperature. It gains body and 
consistency. This is, of course, just the treatment 
that cold-setting cream gets. Probably it is no ex¬ 
aggeration to say that 30 per cent cream fresh from 
the separator will give no better satisfaction to the 
average consumer than will 
20 per cent cream which has 
been held cold for 48 hours. 
This long keeping of cream 
at a low temperature is a 
trade trick, and for all I know, 
a legitimate one. Practically 
all the cream now sold in the 
big cities is taken with the 
separator, and if handled 
rightly, there can be no pos¬ 
sible objection to it. 
Pasteurizing cream notably 
diminishes its body, hence is 
a real objection to the prac¬ 
tice. However, it has been 
shown by the Wisconsin Ex¬ 
periment Station that the 
addition of any soluble salt 
of lime will restore the con¬ 
sistency of Pasteurized cream, 
or increase that of raw cream 
and allow it to be more easily 
whipped and at a higher tem¬ 
perature. Any one interested 
in this question can get the 
Wisconsin Experiment Sta¬ 
tion Bulletin on “Viscogen.” 
The amount of lime added is 
quite insignificant so far as 
its effects upon the stomach 
are concerned, but unless 
marketed under a distinctive 
trade name, one would, probably, lay himself open 
to prosecution for adulteration. 
JARED VAN WAGENKN, JR 
THE SAN JOSE SCALE A1 CORNELL 
In The R. N -Y. for May 29, 1897, I announced 
that this dreaded insect pest had been discovered on 
about 25 choice ornamental and fruit trees. Outside 
of Long Island, the insect is now known to infest, in 
New York State, one or two trees at Farmer, a few 
trees at Kinderhook and Germantown, and 40 or 50 
bearing apple trees in the midst of a large orchard at 
Poughkeepsie. So far as we now know, every possiole 
effort has been made to exterminate the scale at 
each of these points, except Poughkeepsie. Unfor¬ 
tunately, but little is beiDg done, I believo, to control 
the pest on Long Island ; badly infested Cotoneaster 
plants have been sent out from this locality recently. 
When the insect was discovered at Cornell in April 
last, a few of the very worst infested trees were at 
once burned, but as Prof. Bailey was very anxious to 
save some of the ornamental shrubs and trees, he 
asked me to plan a warfare of extermination. In 
May, before the hibernating scales had begun their 
spring growth, the bark of the trunks and larger 
branches of the infested plants were thoroughly 
washed with whale-oil soap (Leggett brand) dissolved 
at the rate of two pounds in one gallon of water. 
Nothing more was done until June 25, when the scales 
which wintered over had made considerable growth. 
Then every infested plant was very thoroughly 
drenched all over with a spray of pure kerosene and 
water, containing one part of the kerosene to five parts 
of water. The application was made with one of the 
Doming Co.’s bucket pumps with a kerosene attach¬ 
ment and the underspray nozzle. This apparatus 
worked very satisfactorily, and but very few of the 
leaves upon the dogwoods and other shrubs which 
were sprayed were injured. A second thorough appli¬ 
cation was made of the same spray with the same 
handy apparatus on July 2. I have just made (July 
23) a very careful examination of the sprayed plants, 
and I failed to find a single living scale among the 
many dead ones. The indications are, therefore, that we 
have practically exterminated this dreaded and most 
destructive of all fruit pests, with three applications. 
But the sprayings and the washing were not done 
in a half-hearted, hap-hazard manner ; they were 
made by one who understands the business, and who 
sprayed to kill. However, what we have done, others 
can do. We now feel very hopeful that the pest can 
be controlled by vigorous, thorough work, and thus 
are glad of this opportunity to give to others the results 
of our fight with it. h. v. slingerland. 
THE ENGLISH TYPE OF JERSEYS. 
At Fig. 212, is shown a Jersey cow that has been 
quite successful as a prize winner at English shows. 
We^have noticed that the dairy cattle that win prizes 
in England are, as a rule, of a different type from the 
American prize winners. The best English Jersey 
seems to be a thicker, beefier animal than our own 
nervous buttermakers. We do not understand that, 
as a rule, the English Jerseys rank as high in dairy 
capacity as their American cousins Doubtless, 
breeders on either side of the ocean have different 
standards or types, and without doubt, different 
systems of feeding and care and differences of climate 
have produced different temperaments and habits. 
The original settlers in New England were mostly 
English—large, thick men, slow and ponderous of 
word and thought. From them, springs the nervous, 
quick-witted Yankee, a product of new food, new 
climate and new conditions of life. It is easy for any 
one to see how several generations of American life 
change the character and physical appearance of 
Dutch, German and Swede. The difference in beef 
breeds of cattle is not, generally, so marked, but the 
dairy cattle soon change, and usually for the better. 
There are, probably, no Holsteins in Holland, or 
Jerseys on the Island of Jersey, that can compare 
with the bsst specimens of the breeds in America. 
USE 0h FERTILIZERS ON LONG ISLAND. 
Dr. Van Slyke, of the New York Experiment Sta¬ 
tion, argues that it is not good economy to use over 
1.000 pounds of fertilizer on any crop, and The R 
N.-Y. asks what is the practice of farmers here. We 
suppose that Dr. Van Slyke bases his arguments upon 
the potato experiment at Northville, L. I., in 1895, 
which would seem to indicate that about one-half 
ton of fertilizer to the acre was more economical 
than a ton. But we must remember that that was a 
single trial, and a repetition another season might 
produce very different results. We do not think it 
safe to change our former practice materially upon a 
single trial, but to use the first trial as an indicator 
to successive ones, and if the general trend of a cer¬ 
tain line of experiments is in one direction and so 
continue, we think it best to change our former 
opinions and conform to the new. 
Farmers here have been using from three-fourths 
of a ton to one ton of fertilizer to the acre for potatoes. 
We think, this season, they have used a little less to 
the acre than formerly, probably three-fourths of a 
ton, owing, possibly, partly to the low price of pota¬ 
toes the past two seasons, and partly to the report of 
the trial at Northville in 1895. We think the general 
practice here is to put all the season’s fertilizer on 
the potato crop ; this is our own practice. We would 
like to see the New York Agricultural Station repeat 
the experiment of 1895, and we think it ought in jus¬ 
tice to be done. It will be readily seen that the higher 
the price of potatoes, the less number of bushels it 
will take to pay the difference between the cost of 
the smaller and the greater quantities of fertilizers 
Suffolk County, L. [. geo. w hallock a son. 
LATE-SOWN FODDER CROPS. 
Combination forage crops for the dairy are likely 
to become more popular in the future as they become 
better known. Some are advocating corn or corn en¬ 
silage for both summer and winter feeding ; this may 
do for some, but I believe that a wider range of forage 
crops is better for both the stock, the farm and the 
farmer. I am sure that no one will dispute that a 
variety of crops, a part at least, consisting of legumi¬ 
nous crops, will be better for the farm in the long 
run than a continued growing of corn. For the 
farmer, by a proper distribution of different crops 
throughout the year, the work can be made easier, 
the help and teams be better 
employed, as well as the land 
occupied by a growing crop 
so as to prevent loss from the 
leaching out of nitrogen. 
By accident, last fall, we 
had a combination forage crop 
with which we were so well 
pleased that, this year, we do 
not intend to depend upon 
accident for it, but to sow 
especially for it. Having an 
oat stubble that we wished 
to get in grass, we plowed, 
harrowed in manure, and 
sowed with Timothy, Red-top, 
clover and Strap-leaved tur¬ 
nip seed. The oats had been 
cured for hay, but owing to 
bad weather at the time, they 
had become over-ripe, and 
being caught in several days’ 
wet weather after cutting, 
they had shelled out consid¬ 
erably. OwiDg to press of 
other work, the piece was not 
plowed for several weeks 
after the oats were off; it 
having been more or less 
wet weather during that 
time, we supposed that all 
the shelled oats had sprouted 
sufficiently for the plowing 
to kill. But soon after the piece was sown, the 
oats began to come up until there was a good 
stand of volunteer oats all over the piece. The 
land being well supplied with plant food, and the 
weather being favorable, the oats, turnips and grass 
all started off with a rush. Towards the last of 
October, the hard frosts having killed the grass in 
the pasture, and our other supply of green forage 
being used up, in order if possible, to save the grass 
and clover from being smothered out, we began cut¬ 
ting and feeding the turnip tops, the turnips being 
about as big around as teacups at the time. The oats 
and turnip tops at the time were about 15 inches high, 
and as thick as wool on a sheep’s back. Notwithstand¬ 
ing we kept having hard frost, and frequently the 
ground froze hard at night, it did not seem to hurt 
or even check the growth of oats and turnips, but 
seemed instead to sweeten the forage. We did not 
cut the last until in December, but from first to last 
the cows relished them and would eat up clean all 
that we dared to feed, and gave a fine flow of well- 
flavored milk, the butter and cream from which sold 
for the top price in the local market. Taking off such 
a heavy growth so late in the season, we expected that 
the grass and clover seed would be all killed out. 
The clovers—Red, Alsike and Crimson—were mostly, 
except around the edge where the oats were not so 
thick, but the grass came through all right, and at 
this date (July 13) we have a heavy crop consisting of 
Timothy and Red-top all ready for the mower. This 
year, we intend to add Canada peas and Dwarf Essex 
rape so as to have oats, peas, turnips and rape ; the 
last two, 1 think, will help to hold up the others and, 
also, help to protect from bard frost, f. a. putnam. 
AN ENGLISH PRIZE-WINNING JERSEY COW. F i-g'. 2 .12. 
