1897 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
575 
LIVE STOCK MATTERS. 
(CONTINUED.) 
Cream for New York City. 
York City, furnish a light grade of 
cream to fancy pastry makers of about 
20 per cent fat. the cream for this use 
beiDg particularly of a superior flavor. 
The general grade of cream for family 
use is termed the X cream. It is used 
for whipping purposes, and contains 
about 40 per cent of butter fats. This 
company also supplies a grade of cream 
called XX, which contains about 50 per 
cent fat, and sells at the advanced price 
of 60 cents per quart. In response to the 
demand for a quality of cream which 
should keep its flavor for some time, 
and remain fresh during heated terms, 
this company has, by careful investiga¬ 
tion, devised a process of its own, by 
which these results are obtained, and 
have put on the market with great suc¬ 
cess their New Process cream, which 
has about 40 per cent of butter fats. 
The family trade of New York de¬ 
mands a separator cream. The deep 
cold-setting system is not used by cream¬ 
ery men, since the time required to raise 
the cream, transportation, and market¬ 
ing renders it almost unfit for use. It 
will not keep so long as the separator 
cream, but there are a few people who 
prefer it on account of its supposed dif¬ 
ferent flavor. Many candy makers pre¬ 
fer the deep cold-setting process, as they 
believe the cream to have a superior 
flavor, and claim that the “grain” of 
the cream, as they call it, is better, that 
it mixes more uniformly, and gives bet¬ 
ter satisfaction. Mr. Dean, the well- 
known baker of Broadway, who supplied 
the Whitney-Vanderbilt wedding, the 
Bradley-Martin ball, and similar grand 
events, says that he would use no other 
than the deep Cooley cream, while 
Huyler, the candy man, uses the sepa¬ 
rator cream. Both are firms of the high¬ 
est rank, and each thinks his products 
the best ever made. 
Few of the farmers appreciate the in¬ 
fluence of careful feeding upon its rela¬ 
tion to the flavors as well as the keeping 
qualities of cream, and this is where 
they can help develop a better product. 
E NELSON EHKHABT. 
FEEDING THE YOUNG PULLET. 
WHEN SHOULD SHE BEGIN TO LAY ? 
I have never been able to tell, with 
certainty, at what age to expect pullets 
to begin to lay. Something depends 
upon breed, undoubtedly, something 
upon the time of year they are hatched, 
and more upon how they are fed and 
cared for. I have known a Leghorn 
pullet to lay at less than four months 
old, and have had others that did not 
lay till eight months. Minorcas take 
more time with me than Leghorns, and 
Plymouth Rocks still more. 
I have been a close student of this 
question of the development of a chicken 
and the production of an egg, from a 
practical as well as a scientific stand¬ 
point, for several years, hoping to find a 
ration which will give uniformly good 
results in the hands of hired help who 
would follow plain directions. It has 
been the hardest problem for me which 
I have been called upon to solve since 
the day I started out with primer and 
short pants for the district school two 
miles away. I have figured it out some¬ 
thing like this : 
The realm of matter is composed of 
about 70 primary or chemical elements. 
Of these, about 14 go to make up the 
vegetable and animal kingdoms. A 
subtle principle which we call life, is 
present in every fruitful seed, fertile 
egg and embryo animal, which, if given 
the proper conditions, will gather to it¬ 
self enough of these 14 primary elements 
of matter, and combine them in such a 
way, as to form a complete specimen of 
its kind, and, taking the male and female 
together, to perpetuate its species. In 
the case of the fertile egg, the first con¬ 
dition or requirement is heat. Supply 
the proper degree of heat, and the life 
principle within the egg begins to 
gather to itself the elements of matter 
which Nature has placed within the 
shell of the egg. At the end of about 
20 days, we have a chick with sufficient 
strength to burst its prison walls and 
come forth to the battle of life. Its 
next requirement is oxygen ; as soon as 
respiration begins, it must have oxygen 
to unite with the carbon within its 
system in order to keep up the fire of 
life begun in weakness. It can get part 
of the heat necessary to sustain its life 
in this way, but it must flee often to the 
shelter of its mother’s wing for addi¬ 
tional warmth. 
As it increases in size and strength, it 
depends less and less upon the heat from 
its mother’s body till, at about six 
weeks of age, it can go it alone, if it have 
proper shelter from storm and cold. Its 
next requirement is food and drink. 
These must contain the same 14 elements 
of matter which it found within the 
shell. Nine of these seem to be required 
in very small quantities, and are usually 
present in sufficient quantity in all or¬ 
dinary food, viz., sulphur, chlorine, iron, 
silicon, potassium, sodium, magnesium, 
manganese and phosphorus. The re¬ 
maining five are oxygen, hydrogen, 
calcium, nitrogen and carbon. 
Of these, the chick can get an abund¬ 
ance of oxygen every time it draws a 
breath of fresh air, and of hydrogen 
every time it takes a drink of water, so 
we need not worry about supplying 
them in the food. The third one, cal¬ 
cium, he seems to be able to get from 
crushed bones or oyster shells, and if 
we keep a supply constantly within his 
reach, we need not worry about supply¬ 
ing it in the food. We now have the 
food supply narrowed down to the two 
elements, nitrogen and carbon. If we 
supply these two elements in the food 
in digestible form and proper propor¬ 
tions, the vital functions can go on to 
best advantage, and the development of 
the chick will be normal and healthy. 
If we give an insufficient supply of any 
of the elements needed, development is 
checked. If we give an excess of car¬ 
bon in the food, the chick has the power 
of storing up part of it in its body for 
a future time of need, in the shape of 
surplus fat ; but it is not a normal con¬ 
dition and the extra fat is in the way. 
I know of no such provision of Nature 
for storing up surplus nitrogen, but be¬ 
lieve that it quickly clogs up the sys¬ 
tem, poisons the blood, and is responsi¬ 
ble for many of the ills of life, whether 
of chick or child. 
As soon as the pullet is sufficiently 
developed, part of the matter contained 
in the food goes to produce an egg in 
the effort of life to perpetuate its species. 
If she have comfortable shelter, and a 
well-balanced ration of food, with pure 
air and water and bones or oyster shells, 
she will lay all the eggs of which her 
individual life is capable. If her ration 
is not well balanced, or if any of the 
other requirements are wanting she 
cannot do her best. 
To illustrate : The Deacon has plenty 
of maple trees and a good evaporating 
pan. His man, Mike, knows how to use 
it, and can make 50 pounds of sugar a 
day. If the Deacon sets Mike to making 
sugar in the morning, what are his chief 
requirements ? Sap to keep the pan 
filled and wood to keep the fire burning. 
If the Deacon give him only half enough 
wood or half enough sap to make 50 
pounds of sugar, he can go out and 
gather more wood or more sap as the 
case may be. Just so the hen at liberty 
goes out and searches for what we fail 
to give her in her food. Now let the 
Deacon lock Mike in the sugar-house 
with the evaporating pan, and we have 
a good illustration of a hen shut up in a 
pen, or in winter when the ground is 
covered with snow. Unless the Deacon 
passes in the wood and sap in the right 
proportion and quantity, Mike cannot 
pass out his 50 pounds of sugar at night. 
Remember that the sugar-house is small, 
and has storage room for only enough 
sap and wood to last a few hours at a 1 
time. Also, that the hen’s crop will 
hold only food enough to last a few J 
hours at once. 
If the Deacon keeps on bringing wood 
when Mike needs sap, his sugar is likely 
to scorch. He may pile up a little of 
the extra wood, but it will only be in 
his way, like the surplus fat on a hen’s 
body. If he keeps on bringing sap when 
Mike needs wood, the pan will soon run 
over and quench his fire. If, however, 
the Deacon brings the wood and sap in 
just the right proportions and in abund¬ 
ance, Mike can make his 50 pounds of 
sugar a day just as easily as if the door 
were not locked. 
If corn contains an excess of carbon 
for a hen’s regular needs, then it is 
poor policy to give a hen a full meal of 
corn at any time, as some of her func¬ 
tions must wait for nitrogen while the 
corn is being disposed of. If wheat 
bran or lean meat contains an excess of 
nitrogen for her regular needs, then it 
is poor policy to give her a full meal of 
wheat bran or lean meat at any time, 
for similar reasons. There is a firm of 
feed dealers here in Middletown which 
recognizes this principle of feeding, and 
is putting out what they claim is a 
balanced ration or complete food for 
laying hens and growing chickens, with 
directions to give them all they will eat 
all the time. In order to make a test, I 
took those chicks mentioned on page 510 
as being hatched under a brooder, and 
have never fed them anything else since 
the day they were hatched. I have tried 
to keep it lying constantly before them. 
Horrors, you say ; that*is revolutionary ! 
You will certainly get them too fat 
Theories must always give way to facts. 
I got 11 pullets from the first lot. They 
were hatched March 5 and 6, and the 
fact is that, on July 22, they laid two 
eggs and have been gaining ever since, 
till yesterday (August 10) they laid eight 
eggs. Another lot hatched later seem 
to be developing equally fast. Leghorn 
cockerels with the same treatment 
weighed three pounds at three months 
old. As to injuring a pullet by forcing 
her into early laying, I should say most 
decidedly, no. She is more likely to be 
injured by being held back. 
o. w. MAPE8. 
Every year. Bronchitis, under the mistaken name 
ot Consumption, sweeps thousands of people to a 
premature grave. Dr. D Jayne’s Expectorant nearly 
always cures this form of disease. 
For constipation take Jayne’s Painless Sanative 
Pills.— Adv. 
Guernseys. 
225 purebred Guernsevs of the best American and 
Island breeding. Butter average. whole herd, 318 
pounds per head. No catalogue. Come and make 
your own selection. 
EliliEKSIilB STOCK FARM, 
RHINBCLIFF. N. Y. 
It is UNLAWFUL to color oleomargarine, but it is 
LAWFUL to use bulls of 
Willswood Herd 
Guernsey Cattle. 
A choice bull calf, yearling heifer, and a few cows 
WILLS A. SEWARD, Budd’s Lake, N. J. 
JERSEY CATTLE FOR SALE. 
R C tUlNMnV ) 907 Liberty 8t., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
• I ■ Onnnnun, ^ Farm.Edgeworth.P.F.W.AC.R.K 
HAMFSHIRES ! 
A choice lot of yearlings and lambs of both 
sexes for sale. All stock registered and guaran¬ 
teed just as represented. 
W. A. BASSETT, Farmer, Seneca Co., N. Y. 
FOR Q AI F' Choice SHROPSHIRES—both sexes, 
1 UU vlrtLU ail ages. Apply J. C. DUNCAN, Supt., 
Wa-wa-nund, Lewiston, N. Y. 
75 Head of Registered Chester Whites 
now.ready for shipping, from 
two to eight months old, 
sired by my prize boars 
Chester 2nd 8017, Eureka 
King 6961, George R., 7369 
and out of choice reg. sows 
Order soon and get the best. 
8end 2-cent stamp for catalogue and prices. Come 
see my stock and select for yourself. EDWARD 
WALTER. Eureka Stock Farm. West Chester. Pa. 
Chapman’s Cheshiresj:H?;, B 
C. E Chapman. Pekuville. N. y.; 
Dear Sir—” 1 can not say too much In favor of 
t he pigs. 1 never had pigs keep so easy or grow so 
fast The boar is the finest I ever owned, and the 
sow is a beautv. I am going to exhibit them at our 
fairs. I shall send you more money for them than you 
charged, and buy another one this fall.”—H T. L., 
Brigh'on. Canada. A few tine pigs now re»dy. 
Send for catalogue. 
Two Poland-China Sows 
bred for fall farrow, for sale at $15 each A bargain. 
F. U. GATES & SONS, Chittenango, N. Y. 
O UR entire stock of Barred, Buff & White P. Rocks 
and 2t0 Selected Pekin Ducks: must be sold. Prices 
cut in two. Ground meat, $2 per 100 lbs. Stamp for 
catalogue. Brookside Poultry Farm, Columbus. N.J 
HEALTHY FARM-RAISED FOWLS. 
Barred P. Rock Hens $1 each; Indian Game Cocks, 
$2 60 each; Indian Game and P Rock cross,Cockerels 
and Pullets, $1 each; trio. $2.60: six. $4. 
P. G. DOUGLAS, Oakton, Va. 
I" r DON’T PAY 
to keep liens and lice in the hhiiiocoop.V ou 
can separate them with LAMBERT’S 
- DEATH TO LICE, a cheap and effective 
remedy for all poultry vermin. It soon 
r turns loss to profit and saves poultry keepers 
many times the cost. Catalogue Free. 
Sample box 10 cents postpaid. 100 ozs. by express, $1.00. 
D. J. LAMBERT, B 0 X 307 APPONAUC, R. I. 
Kills Prairie Dogs, Woodohucks, Gophers, and Grain 
Insects. 
“ Fuma ” Carbon Bl-Sulphlde Did It. 
“I treated 500 Inhabited (prairie dog) holes two weeks 
ago, and not a hole opened up.”—R ichard Kesuch. 
Send for free Illustrated pamphlet. It Is beautiful, 
interesting, readable, and will save you money. 
EDWARD R. TAVLOR. Cleveland. Ohio. 
Horse Owners! Use 
GOMBAULT’S 
Caustic 
Balsam 
A Safe Speedy and Positive Cara 
The Safe.t, Beat BLISTER ever used. Takes 
the place of all liniments for mild or severe action. 
Removes Bunches or Blemishes from Horses 
and Cattle. SUPERSEDES ALL CAUTERY 
DR FIRING- Impossible to produce scar or blemish. 
Every bottle sold is warranted to give satisfaction 
Price $ | .50 per bottle. Sold by druggists, ot 
lent by express, charges paid, with full directions 
for its use. Send for descriptive circulars. 
TH E LAWRENCE-WILLIAMS CO., Clevelan d O. 
Why keep your live stock in misery when 
Moore’s GALL POWDER 
will quickly cure Galls, Chafes. Cuts, Sores, 
Thrush, &c.. while atwork? You make no 
mistake in sending to MOORE BROS., Alba¬ 
ny, N. Y.. fora 50 c. package, prepaid by mail. 
Circulars free. 
BICKMORE’S GALL CURE, 
is a sure cure for Collar) 
and Harness Gal ls.Cuts.v 
Scratches. Grease Hoel.f 
Speed Cracks in horses./ 
Guarantee a cureund no) 
loss of horse’s service.) 
Equally good for Sore) 
or Chapped Teats on) 
cows. Send lOo and geq 
, - - _ enough to cure 1 horse.j 
POULTRY LECTURES 
Up-to-date information on Utility Branches of the 
Industry. SAMUEL CUSHMAN (formerly with R I. 
Experiment Station), PAWTUCKET, R. 1. 
New York State Veterinary College 
ESTABLISHED AT 
CORNELL UNIVERSITY . ITHACA, N. Y. 
By Chapter 163, Laws of 1891. 
The best equipment for sclentillc and practical in¬ 
struction for undergraduates and postgraduates. 
Most varied practice for students In the free clinics. 
Regular graded course three yoars of nine months 
each Highest requirements for matriculation and 
graduation. Entrance by Regents’ ” Veterinary 
Student Certlffcate,” or by examination September 
14, 1897. Instruction begins September 23. 1897. 
Tuition free to New York State .Students. 
For e> tended announcement address 
Prof. JAMES LAW. JF. It. C. V, S., Director. 
stop™ HOGS ' 'ROOTING! 
If you want to be SURE of stopping them, get the Wolverine Hog 
Ringer and Rings. For sale by all hardware stores, or we will 
send by mail, one Double Ringer and 10O Rings ou receipt of 
75 cents in stamps. Address II KESON IIKIh, & CO., 
Patentees and Manufacturers, Tecumseh, Mich. 
PROSPECTIVE PURCHASERS 
are informed that we have been fa¬ 
vored with instructions to sell 
Percherons, Shetland P o nie s, 
Jerseys, Jersey tirades, Normandie, s, Ilolsteins, Short-horns and South-Downs. We will 
take pleasure also in purchasing any other animals you may require on your farm. 
AMERICAN LIVESTOCK COMPANY, 24 State Street, New York City, 
Refers by permission to The Rural New-Yorker. 
