128 
GEORGE MULLER. 
suction apparatus. They imbibe the blood, and then swell up in¬ 
to a cherry to bean-sized vesicle. On cattle and sheep, we find 
Ixodes rednirus; on men, dogs, cattle and sheep, Ixodes vicinus; 
on men and animals in the American forests, Ixodes Americanus, 
sive Amblyoma Americanum ; on pheasants, Ixodes Dugesii, which 
is said occasionally to appear on sheep and dogs. By touching 
the animals with turpentine or benzine we can make them loosen 
their hold. 
1 he common bird tick , (Dermanyssus avium), is found in dung 
and wood-work of bird-houses, chicken-coops, swallows 1 nests, and 
the like. It affects all animals that come in the neighborhood, 
birds, horses, dogs, cats, and even men. It causes a violent itch¬ 
ing, and even, (according to Steinback, Mobius, Prietsch and 
others), formidable itch-like eruptions. Megnin observed a cat 
upon whose skin the bird-ticks had acclimatized themselves, so 
that the animal had become quite emaciated ; and Gassuer found 
them in the external auditory canal of a steer, where they had 
caused an otitis externa. 
The genus Pulex is represented in our domestic animals by 
two species, P. canis in the dog, and P. felis in the cat. Both 
differ from P. irritans in size, being smaller, and P. canis has a 
circlet of spines around head and neck which are absent in P. 
irritans. 
Simulia maculata , (Kolumbaczer gnats), appear in spring in 
great swarms on the Danube flatlands, and attack animals and 
men for the purpose of sucking their blood. These gnats settle 
on the skin in such quantities that light-colored animals appear 
quite black; they penetrate into eyes, ears, mouth, nose, anus, 
vagina, etc., and cause small inflammatory tumors everywhere, 
and not infrequently kill the animal. Thus, in the Servian dis¬ 
trict, Passarawitz claims that in 1783, they killed 52 horses, 131 
cattle, 316 sheep and about 100 pigs. Little children are also 
said to have been killed by 'them. 
(Estrus bovis sive Ilypoderma bovis , (cattle gadfly), cause in 
cattle, and more rarely in the horse, donkey and sheep, the so- 
called Dasselbenlen. The female in mid-summer lays her ova 
upon the skin of the animals. Later on larvae appear, which 
