324 
May 4 
Farmers’ Club. 
[Every query must be accompanied by 
the name and address of the writer to In¬ 
sure attention. Before asking a question, 
please see whether It Is not answered In 
our advertising columns. Ask only a few 
questions at one time. Put questions on a 
separate piece of paper.] 
The Plum Leaf Spot or " Shot-Hole Fungus " 
J. n. H., Battle Creek, Mich.—I have an or¬ 
chard of about 800 plum trees, Lombards 
and Abundance. Two years ago they were 
affected with what is known as the shot- 
hole fungus, the leaves falling in August 
from the Lombard trees, for a distance of 
from six inches to two feet from the 
trunks. The first plums that ripened were 
those near the ends of the limbs, and 
were very small. There was little growth 
of wood. Last season almost all of the 
leaves fell from the trees, so that It be¬ 
came necessary to shake the plums, which 
were thickly .set, from the trees during the 
first part of August, when the plums were 
not more than half grown. The trees grew 
less than the previous year, and partially 
leaved and blossomed durng September. 
The growth of wood had a speckled russet 
appearance. Is this disease fatal? If not, 
how can we avoid the recurrence of last 
year's experience? The trees are nine to 
10 years, from one to two-year nursery 
stock, being on good heavy two to three- 
foot sandy-clay soil, with gravelly subsoil. 
Ihe trees have borne four or five crops of 
fancy plums. The leaves did not fall from 
the Abundance trees, but the fungus 
.seemed to eat holes through the leaves. 
The trees have been sprayed with the Bor¬ 
deaux Mixture each year, save one, since 
they began to bear. 
Ans.—T he “shot-hole disease’’ is a 
popular name which is often given to 
the spotting of the leaves of plum, 
cherry and apricot by the attacks of a 
fungus, the Cylindrosporium padi. For 
certain technical reasons it seems best 
to call this trouble the leaf-spot disease 
of plum, cherry and apricot. It may 
cause even more serious loss than that 
described in tne above letter. One fruit 
grower in western New York reports 
that one season it was so abundant that 
many of the plum trees lost a large part 
of their leaves in August before the fruit 
ripened. The ripening of the fruit by 
such trees when they were barren of 
leaves, together with the loss of the fo¬ 
liage, caused them to enter the Winter 
in such weakened and ill-prepared con¬ 
dition that many of them were winter- 
killed. While the disease does not often 
cause so great destruction as this, yet 
it doubtless does greater damage than 
most fruit growers imagine. When the 
conditions are favorable to its develop¬ 
ment and spread, nearly all the leaves 
may be attacked and eventually a large 
percentage of them drop on this ac¬ 
count. Often the diseased spots break 
away from the healthy leaf-tissue, and 
drop out, leaving holes with clean-cut 
edges; otten circular in outline. In this 
way the appearance is produced which 
has given rise to the name “shot-hole 
disease.’’ A shot-hole appearance, how¬ 
ever, cannot be regarded as positive 
proof of the work of the leaf-spot fun¬ 
gus above mentioned. Duggar has 
shown, for example, that treatment 
with improperly-prepared spray mix¬ 
tures and also that other causes may 
produce a shot-hole appearance similar 
to that caused by the attacks of the leaf- 
spot fungus. Sometimes certain insects 
eat holes in the plum leaves, which an 
inexperienced observer might take as 
evidence of the work of the fungus. 
The first appearance of a leaf-spot 
which would ordinarily be noticed is 
found in discolored spots one-sixteenth 
of an inch in diameter or even less. At 
this stage, especially on plum and cherry 
leaves, the spots may have a reddish- 
tinged border. They may soon increase 
in size to one-eighth of an inch, or more, 
in diameter and the color may change 
to dark brown with pale center. The 
diseased and discolored tissue may re¬ 
main in the leaf, but usually it drops out 
and leaves the “shot-holes” referred to 
above. The holes formed in the leaf are 
not always circular, but when several 
spots coalesce into one, or when condi¬ 
tions are extremely favorable to the 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
rapid spread of the disease, large irregu¬ 
lar-shaped patches may drop from the 
leaf and give it a ragged, worm-eaten 
appearance. The infested leaves fre¬ 
quently turn yellow and drop prema¬ 
turely, so that it is not uncommon to 
see twigs of the current season’s growth 
nearly or quite leafless in August or 
later. The tree may lose nearly all of 
its leaves before September. A consid¬ 
erable loss may be seen as early as July, 
but usually the loss of foliage is not 
serious before August or September. 
Treatment with llordeavx Mixture u 
reeommended. Carefully conducted ex¬ 
periments have proved that this leaf- 
spot disease may be controlled by time¬ 
ly use of properly-prepared Bordeaux 
Mixture. It has also been shown that a 
weak mixture, in which but one pound 
of copper sulphate is used to 11 gallons 
of the Mixture, is efficient in controlling 
the disease if properly prepared and ap¬ 
plied, and if the treatments are made at 
the right time. In some seasons two 
treatments are most economical, but 
generally at least three treatments 
should be made. The first should be 
given about 10 days after the blossoms 
fall, but not later than June i. The sec¬ 
ond treatment should be made from two 
to three weeks later. The time may be 
varied according to the apparent neces¬ 
sities of the case. The third treatment 
should be made about three weeks af¬ 
ter the second. Be sure that the Bor¬ 
deaux Mixture is properly made. Fol¬ 
low minutely the directions as given by 
the United States Department of Agri¬ 
culture, or by some of the agricultural 
experiment stations. 
A word of caution may be added. It 
may not be generally understood by 
fruit growers that the leaves of the 
stone fruits are much more liable to in¬ 
jury from applications of arsenical com¬ 
pounds than are those of either the 
apple, pear or quince. Even Bordeaux 
Mixture alone may injure peach foliage, 
althougn it apparently does no harm to 
plum foliage. But plum foliage may be 
seriously injured by Paris-green and by 
other arsenical compounds. It is best, 
therefore, not to use arsenical poisons 
in spraying plums unless such treat¬ 
ment is demanded by imperative neces¬ 
sity. [Prof.] .S. A. BEACH. 
Geneva, N. Y. 
How to Raise Water. 
D. H. W., Ken-moor, Po.—tn getting a 
water supply for hou.se and barn, which 
would be the cheaper in the end, to pump 
water a distance of 50 rods, with an ele¬ 
vation or rise of 100 feet, or drill a well on 
the hill above the buildings, the depth of 
which would be 100 to 150 feet? In the for¬ 
mer instance the source would be a spring. 
In both plans a windmill would be used to 
do the pumping. 
A.\s.—We do not understand all the 
conditions, but judging from our own 
experience we should prefer the drillet 
well and windmill on the hill. We think 
this would insure a more constant sup¬ 
ply of water. We have more wind on 
our hills than in the valley. By put¬ 
ting a tank on the hill you will have 
pressure enough to give you a good 
water supply in house and barn. 
A Four Years' Rotation. 
,]. K. D. (No A(7drcs.s).—Will you give a 
four-years' rotation of crops? Land now 
in pasture and worn-out meadow. 
Ans.—I n deciding upon any rotation 
it is necessary to understand what crops 
can be sold to advantage and how much 
money is available for fertilizers. The 
Rhode Island Experiment Station 
(Kingston) in Bulletin 74, advocates the 
following rotation—potatoes, rye, clover. 
The rye is sown after potato digging, 
and the clover seed added in the Spring, 
Wheat might be used in place of the rye 
and corn planted in the clover sod mak¬ 
ing four years instead of three. This 
rotation gave a fair profit in Rhode Isl¬ 
and. We cannot, of course, name the 
best rotation for you without knowing 
more about what you wish to sell anc 
how much labor and money you wish ro 
spend. 
When you write advertisers mention The 
R. N.-Y. and you will get a quick reply and 
“a square deal.” See our guarantee 8tb page. 
Shrubs 
Vines 
Hedging 
Trees, Shrubs, Vines, Hedging, 
2,000 Beech. European and Purple-Leaved. 
3,000 Elme. American and European. 
600 Japan Ginkgo. 
2,000 Lindens. American and European. 
1,000 Magnolias. In variety. 
50,000 Maples. Norway Sugar, etc. 
10,000 Oaks. Pin, Red, Scarlet and English. 
10,000 Oriental Plane. 6 to 12 feet. 
75,000 California Privet. 1 and 2 years. 
1,000,000 Shmbs. All varieties and sizes. 
10,000 Clematis Panlcnlata. 
10,000 Rosa Wlchnralana, and Hybrids. 
5,000 Rosa Mnltlflora. Japonica. 
10,000 Honeysuckles. HaU’s, etc. 
5,000 Dahlias. Whole roots. 
100,000 Asparagus. Very strong, 6 varieties. 
2,500 Rhododendron, Azaleas andKalmlas. 
500.000 Evergreens, of all sizes, including Hem¬ 
lock, Norway, Colorado Blue, Oriental 
and Weeping Spruces, Arbor Vltacs, 
Retlnosporas, Pines in variety, Root- 
pruned and sheared specimens. 
New illustrated Descriptive Catalogue sent on 
application' 
THE WM. MOON CO., 
MOnniSVlLLE, PA. 
Magnolias and 
Japanese Maples 
Grafted in this country. 
Japanese Holly 
(ILEX CRENATA). 
The finest Hedge plant known, evergreen, new, of 
exceptional beauty. Send for further description. 
Parsons & Sons Co. Ltd., 
FLUSHING, N. V. 
100 California Privet 12.50; 500 for $10, 
18 to 24 in. high; prepaid. T. C. Kevitt, Athenla, N. J. 
N ative evergreens. -B a I s a m Fir, Arbor 
Vita;, White Pine, American Spruce and Hem- 
ock, 6 to 12 inches, at 14 per 1,000 ; 5,000 for $15. 
tracking free. Also, transplanted Evergreens at 
owest prices. Mrs. James A. Root, Skaneateles, N. J. 
Cumberland Raspberry Plants for Sale 
or Exchange. P. SUTTON, Exeter, Luzerne Co., Pa. 
P lants by Mall.-Sample Strawberry, none better. 
1.50 plants for II. Asparagus. 150 plants for tl 
Liucretla Dewberry and Miller Red Raspberry, 10 
jlants for $1. F. S. NEWCOMB, Vineland, N, J. 
r."';"’ PESSEU- STRAWBERRIES 
this year. Send for Circular and Supplement, What 
the Growers Say, to JOHN W. PENNELL, 
South Norwalk, Conn., Rural Del. 87. 
P rices on Peach Trees reduced. Trees kept dormant 
and in good condition until June 1. Llstof var. 
on application. R. 8. Johnston, B. 4, Stockley, Del. 
SUCCEED 'WHERE 
Largest Nursery. OTHERS FAIL. 
Fruit Book Frtt. Result of 76 years' experiencs. 
STARK BROS., Lonitiana, Ko.; Baasvilla, K.T. 
A PRIME FAVORITE 
Select your trees for their f niitas well 
as for'hardv vigorous qualitiea The 
YORK imperial sattafim the mort 
^UdlouM. Hi^h color,brlgbtred,larg[c winter 
apple; good quality, good keeper, robuat, 
heavy ^arer. Thirty-five others, peacbea, 
pears, etc* Catalogue free. 
il8iTiaoB*M Nnrseriet, Box Berlin, Id* 
C AULIFLOWER SEED 
High grade Danish seed by mall, direct from the 
grower In Denmark, to your address, postpaid. 
Danish Snowball, V oz. 50c 1 os. 11.50 Ub. 118.00 
Dwarf Erfurt.X os. 65o I oz. 11.86 1 lb. $22.00 
KABLKOLLE. 840 E. Fnllerton Av. Chicago, Ill. 
DANISH CABBAGESEED^; = 
of season will supply best tested seed at el «wper 
pound. J. 8. BULL, Cortland, N. Y. 
Vegetable Plants. 
Large transplanted plants of Cabbage, Tomato 
Celery, Egg Plant, Pepper and Cauliflower. Write 
for Catalogue. „ 
J. H. HUTTON St, SON, Conyngham, Pa. 
RUBEROID 
■17ZZZ2 
POULTRY-HOUSE 
ROOFING 
I As a water-proof covering for Poultry- 
Inouses, RUBEROID has no equal. Keeps 
I tne houses cool during the warm weather. 
I and warm In Winter, and the chicks dry and ' 
I comfortable. The sun cannot melt It. 
THE STANDARD PAINT CO., 
100 'William Street, 
NEW YORK. 
Plants and Trees 
1.5,(XX) Eldorado and 
Rath bun Blackberry; 
2,(XX) Pomona and Red Cross & Wilder Currant. Also, 
1(X).(X)0 Fruit & Ornamental Trees at lowest rates.Wrlte 
for prices. Lawrence Nursery Co., Lawrence, Mass. 
Surplus Nursery Stock I 
We offer 8,0(X) each Elberta, Stump, Chair’s Choice 
and Crawford’s Late; 3,0(X) each Beer’s Smock, Sal- 
way and Ford’s Late; 1,(X)0 and up of nearly all of 
the other leading varieties In the very best grades 
for orchard use. We offer standard Pear, Plum, 
Cherry. Concord Grapes and Houghton and Downing 
Gooseberry in good supply, and we have 50,(XX) me¬ 
dium apples, including I0.0(X) York Imperial. Prices 
right, and trees clean and well grown. Send llstof 
wants when writing for catalogue. 
WOODVIBW NURSERIES, Box 100, Uriah, Pa. 
For Solo' bn.; 600 bu. Crimson Clover Seed d 
16 per hn.; 3,000 bn. Cow Peas & $1.26 to 11.75 per bn. 
J. B. HOLLAND, Milford, Del. 
Packard’s Ensilage Seed Cern 
write to-day for circular and sample. My seed 
corn ALWATg GROWS. If you own a silo, you need 
my Karly Mastodon com. Makes one-third heavier 
crop than I.ieam1ng. Other varieties. 
PACKARD. Seed Grower, Dover, Del. 
Cow Peas. 
The Famous 
Forage Crop 
and Soil 
Improvers. 
WK ARE HEADQUARTERS for the.se and all 
Southern specialties, including Soja Beans, 
Velvet Beans, Pearl or Cat-tail Millet, Teosinte 
Bermuda Oras.s, Ensilage Corn, Spanish Pea¬ 
nuts, Chufas, Sorghums, etc. , 
Write for prices, and our interesting Catalogue 
giving full information about these crops. , 
OT. WOOD & SONS, - Richmond, Va. 
Sweet Potato and Tomato Plants. Price¬ 
list free. CALEB BOGGS & SON, Cheswold, Dei. 
Sweet Potato Plants.—Jersey Yellow, 
$1.50 per 1,(XX). 100 by mail, 60c. 11 kinds. Send for 
circular. F. 8. NEWCOMB, Vineland, N. J. 
"POTATOES—Bovee. Carman, Cobbler, Harvest, 
^ Six Weeks, Ohio, Rose. Astonlsher, 85 kinds. 
C. W. FORD, Fishers, N. Y. 
Seed Potatoes Yor^e^'an'IiTR 
Walter Raleigh, 50c. per bu., sacks or bbls. included. 
O. B. WHITTEN, Bridgman, Mich. 
Best this sea- 
THE ADMIRAL DEWEY POTATO 
Big crops. Ask for testimonials. 40 c. per lb ; 8 lbs., 
$1, postpaid; ex. or frt., peck, 75c.; 1 bu., $2; bbl.,$^ 
Ad Introducer, C. M. Robinson, Manorvllle, L. L,N. Y 
CARMAN No. 3 S3.00 
Sir Walter Raleigh and Early Bovee $4.00 per bbl. 
all bbls. 4 bn. Dewey, the great cropper. Wholesale 
llst/ree. GEO. A. BONNBLL, Waterloo, N. Y. 
FARMERS 
30 choice standard varieties 
Raleighs. Giant, E. Harvest. 
E. Cobblers. Commercial. Tuber free (remit only 
postage), White Star Oats tested with 10 varieties: 
sample and descriptive list free, and 5c., packet seed 
free. Save $1 per bbl. 4 varieties of fowls. SMITH 
POTATO FARM. Box C, Manchester, N. Y. 
Imes* 
Blight - Proof 
Seed Potatoe.s 
1901 Catalogue. Free, 
gives particulars 
CARMAN No. 3. 
To prove superiority of our 
.Seed Potatoes, -we otter 2,000 bu. 
at $2.50 per 4 bu. bbl., f. o. b. 
The W. B. Imes Seed Co., 
Smith, Mich 
B 4 U BUY 
see my circulars and 
prices. Carman and Sir 
Walter Raleigh Pota¬ 
toes. ^gs from high-scoring, prize-winning, 
White 'Wyandottes and fine flock of White I. 
Rocks. Vegetable Plants and money-making 
Seed Specialties. Seed and Plants of the most 
profitable Cauliflower grown. Investigate if 
you want the best on the market. 
CHRISTIAN WKCKESSER, Marshallville, O. 
in Trial Orchard. 
Listed for Sale. 
.vr __ - Thrown Away. 
a paid from tl to 16 apiece for trees when Introduced, and many times that for experience. 
ray the experience, and sell the trees at a nominal price. We have some varletlM we know are kwj 
id plenty we know nothing abont. If yon prefer to pay for your own experience. FRBB CATAiA/wir- 
,1,™.., Ben, PUm., U1M1.B. OOMB. 
I VARIETIES JAPAN PLUMS 
