1901 
4o5 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
The Cornell Reading Course. 
Edited by John Craig, Professor of Uni- 
gallons of water.” This second spray¬ 
ing may be omitted if the weather is 
dry and warm, but should it be cool and 
moist it would be altogether desirable 
But if, on the other hand, it was prob¬ 
able that there would be much or that 
weather which produces a honeycombed 
condition of the ground between the 
When you write advertisers mention The 
It. N.-Y. and you will get a quick reply and 
‘‘a square deal.” See our guarantee 8th page. 
versity Extension, and Editor Fanners' to make the application. Peach foliage date of sowing the seed and the opening 
Reading Course, Cornell University, 
Ithaca, N. Y. 
PEACH LEAF-CURL 
Rain is a fine thing but it has its limi¬ 
tations. The cool, moist weather which 
has characterized the Spring has been 
most favorable for the development of 
Peach leaf-curl. By the time this note 
is sensitive to the use of copper-salt 
mixtures, but if used as directed above 
there will be no danger and the curl 
will, in a large measure, be prevented. 
The time element is important. A 
grower told me last week that he ex¬ 
pected Peach curl and was going to 
spray. I told him that so far as imme¬ 
diate results were concerned he could 
save himself the trouble. He would un- 
comes before the eye of the members of 
our Reading Course the damage will be doubtedly kill some of the spores wnich 
done, and while it is too late to talk of might spread to other trees, but he 
remedies, so far as the crop of this year would not help the trees very much this 
is concerned, yet it will be profitable to 
them in the light of the future. Every 
now and then when the peach buds have 
escaped frost, fruit has set and a crop 
is fairly well assured. Peach curl comes 
along as it promises to do this year, and 
wipes out the prospective harvest. 
What tiie Pest Is. —This is a fungus the trees out—about one-third of the 
disease, and has long been known to or- branches are in blossom, the remainder ap- 
Most of you pear to be dead. What shall I do? 
year except in the way of preventing a 
recurrence of the disease on the foliage 
developed later. 
Peach Borers. 
P. G. S., Morton, Pa.—l have a small or¬ 
chard of peach trees on a farm 1 have 
just rented. The borers have pretty well 
chardists and botanists 
know how it looks. The first indications 
of its presence are a roughened surface 
of the leaf with a reddish coloration. 
With the development of the leaf comes 
a curling and swelling. Sometimes only 
a part of the leaf is involved, and again 
the whoie surface. By the time the leaf 
is full grown the diseased patches are 
usually a reddish green, occasionally a 
bleached yellow. As the disease pro¬ 
gresses the leaf-stalk is affected also, 
becomes swollen and loses its deep green 
color. Later on the surface of the leaves 
takes on a grayish, powdery appear¬ 
ance. This expression is due to the pro¬ 
duction of myriads of spores which re¬ 
produce and disseminate the disease. 
The next stage is the withering and 
dropping of the leaves, which may occur 
between the middle and end of June. 
The fall of the leaves does not usually 
mean the death of the tree, but it does 
mean the loss of the crop and the seri¬ 
ous lowering of the vitality of the tree. 
It also gives the tree a severe shock and 
prevents the normal development of its 
fruit buds; therefore, affects next year’s 
crop. 
How TH£ Fungus Lives. —In Bulietin 
No. 164 of Cornell University, Dr. Dug- 
gar says: “The fruit of the fungus 
(meaning the spores which reproduce 
the disease) is produced on the surface 
of the leaf, but the true vegetative state 
of the fungus is within the tissues of 
the leaf and the young shoots. The 
threads, or filaments, which make up 
this vegetative state, pass in between 
the cells of the leaf, and it is the irrita¬ 
tion due to the presence of these fungous 
filaments (the mycelium) which causes 
the leaf to become distorted in form. 
Passing into the young shoot, the fun¬ 
gus is in a condition to pass the Winter 
in situ, provided the twig lives, without 
having to trust to the fortune of winds 
and rains, as is the case with the spore.” 
The spores live over Winter and affect 
the buds which open the next season. 
This then briefiy is the way in which 
the disease lives and is carried over 
from year to year. Certain climatic con¬ 
ditions greatly infiuence its develop¬ 
ment, as we have observed. 
Remedies. —Fortunately experiments 
carried on at Cornell and elsewhere en¬ 
able us to speak quite positively on this 
side of the question. Experiments in 
1898 proved very conclusively that 
spraying early in the season was a pre¬ 
ventive. The following year additional 
experiments were carried on which 
demonstrated beyond question that the 
disease might be thoroughly held in 
check by careful spraying, provided it 
was done early enough. Here are the 
recommendations of Dr. Duggar: “Spray 
with Bordeaux Mixture (ordinary 
strength) about the first of April when 
the buds are beginning to swell. 
Spray again when the petals have 
fallen, using two pounds each of 
copper sulphate and lime to 50 
Ans. —The thing to do with these trees 
is to cut them down or grub them out 
by the roots. They will probably pay 
the renter and proprietor more in fuel 
than in fruit. When two-thirds of the 
branches of an orchard tree are dead 
it is almost certain that the days of use¬ 
fulness of that tree are numbered. 
n. E. VAN DEMAN. 
The Snake River Valley. 
F. V., Piqua, O.—Will you give me some 
information in regard to the Snake River 
Valley, Idaho? Is that country well set¬ 
tled with farmers? Is there a good farm¬ 
ing country around Boise, Idaho? How 
is the farming country near Market Lake 
and Blackfoot? Do they grow much 
fruit? Is it a large prairie country? Do 
the farmers have wind-breaks; that is, 
maples, box elders and cottonwood trees? 
From what part of the United States do 
they get their fruit trees? By what class 
of people is that country settled? I am 
thinking of going to that country to live. 
Ans. —Having recently been over a 
large part of the Snake River Valiey, 
which is mostly in Idaho. I can say from 
careful observation that there is plenty 
of good land there. It is decidedly a 
sage-brush country, and this is a sure 
indication of a very light i-ainfali. Irri¬ 
gation is essential; and wherever water 
is abundant, as is the case about Boise, 
Nampa, Payette, Weiser and many other 
places, there is excellent opportunity to 
grow almost any crops suitable to the 
temperate zone. Corn is not grown there 
much, but all the small grains, grasses, 
common orchard fruits, berries, vege¬ 
tables, etc., do finely. They grow wind¬ 
breaks of many kinds of forest trees, es¬ 
pecially the Lombardy poplar, box elder 
and Yellow locust. There is good fir, 
pine and other timber in the mountains, 
but none in the valleys, except a little 
cottonwood along the streams. The set¬ 
tlers are mostly from the Central States, 
although some are from the East and a 
few from Scandinavia, England and Ger¬ 
many. It is a nice place to live and one 
who contemplates going there need not 
think of starving, or of not enjoying 
good society and church and school 
privileges. n. k- van deman. 
Early Clover Seeding. 
One of our readers wishes to know 
whether anyone has ever practiced sow¬ 
ing clover seed as early as December or 
January, letting it freeze and thaw down 
into the ground, so as to get a better 
chance to grow when frost is past. 
Ans.—T he Michigan Agricultural Col- 
oi Spring, or the period of consecutive 
growth, then there would be more or 
less danger that the clover would sprout 
and receive injury from nard freezing 
after it so sprouted. The danger of this 
is not very great, but in some climates 
it wouid be present moi’e or less; hence, 
in these it wouid be prudent to wait un¬ 
til a later period of such freezing and 
thawing alternateiy before sowing the 
seed. In the Northwestern States it 
happens once in a whiie, though not fre¬ 
quently, that the Spring clover plants 
are injured by a hard frost after they 
have begun to grow; hence, in any cli¬ 
mates similar to that, it would be un¬ 
wise to sow seed during a warm speii 
in the month of January should such 
weather occur. [Prof.] tiios. siiaw. 
Questions About Pears. 
D. E. F., Toledo, O.—In 1882 I planted 10 
acres to standard pear trees. The trees 
liave been properly trimmed and the ground 
well worked throughout the orchard. On 
tile west side I planted live rows of Anjou 
pear trees, then four rows of Sheldon 
trees, and next to them Flemish Beauty, 
Bartlett and Angoulfime, all of which bear 
lieavy crops of fruit, excepting the Anjou 
trees. The latter blossom very full every 
Spring but bear little, the blossoms all 
tiropping off without setting much fruit, 
'j'hey are planted 20 feet apart eacli way 
.11 the rows, and all thrifty trees. What 
is the trouble with my Anjous? Does the 
standard Anjou under any condition ever 
bear a heavy crop? 
Ans. —There is so much complaint of 
the scant bearing of the Anjou pear, es¬ 
pecially on pear roots, that the case 
mentioned by D. E. F. cannot be consid¬ 
ered very unusual. In some cases it 
bears well and I have in mind some old 
standard trees that bear regularly and 
heavy. As a dwarf the Anjou generally 
bears sufficiently, but the fruit is so 
large and has such short stems that 1 
very much of it is blown off by ordi¬ 
nary winds, and storms are apt about to 
strip the trees. It is a good late Fall 
pear, but quite hard to get in paying 
quantities. 
Grafting Dwarf Apples; Various Questions. 
J. R. C., Means, O.—l. Can you graft 
standard on dwarf apples and with what 
effect? 2. Describe Arkansas Black, 
Mann and Bismarck apples. Also describe 
ihe Grand Duke, Lincoln and Golden Drop 
plums. Are the above suitable to plant in 
imrtheastern Ohio? 
Ans. —1. Any variety of apple can be 
successfully grafted on any other, no 
matter whether the trees are on stands 
ai d or dwarf stocks. The stock does not 
materially change the character of the 
graft. It will cause it to grow more 
thriftily if the stock is thrifty, than if 
it is not so, and the reverse is also true. 
A dwarf apple stock, such as the Para¬ 
dise or Doucain, will not allow a scion 
or bud put upon it to grow into a stand¬ 
ard tree, and that is all the effect it has 
upon it. 2. The Arkansas Black apple 
is a seedling of Winesap that is so dark 
red as to be almost black. It is a little 
larger than its parent but not so good 
in quality and has the fault of dropping 
very badly from the tree early in the 
Fall. It has rarely proved to be worthy 
of cultivation. Mann is a very late keep¬ 
er, bears well and is of fair quaiity when 
fully ripe, but the color is a dull bronzy 
green almost as long as it lasts, and 
this renders it undesirable in market. 
For home use it is quite suitable. Bis¬ 
marck is a very newly-introduced apple. 
Uocks. W. Sherman. 2.5 Boulevard, Middletown, R. I. 
Olaiichard’s White Leghorus.—The leading 
strain of heavy layers. Eggs for hatching from 
Snest stock, lll.clr.free. U. J. Blanchard,Groton,N.Y. 
EGGS 
from choice heavy laying 8. C. 
White IjCghorns, Silver Wyan- 
dottes and Bull P. Rocks. $1 00 
per 15; 12 per 30. Safe arrival and good fertility guar¬ 
anteed. T. D. GOODWIN, Columbia Station, Ohio. 
Will Sell No More Wyandotte Eggs 
after this month. But It’s time enough for Brown 
Leghorns yet. Some of the best Leghorns grown are 
hatched In June and .July. Eggs that hatch: J1 per 
15; $5 per 100 J. E. STEVENSON, Columbus, N.J. 
Wy8ndott6S Scotch Collies 
• Best of both. Handsome booklet free. 
BEAVER HILL FARM, - - BEAVER, PA. 
llAjaAL I t>n Hens and Chicks 
vBITn 10 LICB ei-page Book free. 
D. J. LAMBERT, Box 307, Apponaug, B. I. 
ORNAMENTAL FENCE 
aci designs, all steel. 
Handsome, durable.— 
Cheaper than a wood 
fence. Special indnce- 
ments to church and 
cetneteries. Catalogue /Vee. 
KOKOMO FENCE 
MACHINE CO., 
464 North 8t., 
Kokemo, Indiana, 
Every Year’s Use 
adds to the popularity of Page Fences. Thlsseason’s 
sales surpass all previous records. 
PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., AIHUAN, MICH. 
null-STRONG! 
....PIG-TIGHT..., 
An Illinois farmer said that aft¬ 
er harvest ho had fully 200 bush¬ 
els of loose oats on the ground 
that he could not secure any ben¬ 
efit from, because the feno* 
around the field would not turn 
hogs. Figure the loss for yourself, 
Re also said, all this would hav* 
been saved if he had used the 
Kltselman Woven Wire Coiled 
Spring Fence, and the valun 
would have gone a long ways 
towards i 
any 
at the actual cost of the wire. 
Catalogue free for the asking. 
igtSEkMAN BROfjk ^ 
Besota. Munole,lnd« 
35 years of square dealing has brought to Jones of 
Binghamton, N. Y., the confidence of the world, and 
every mail brings cash with the order by which the 
purchaser saves from 5 to .50 dollars, according to 
the size scale he buys. Jones he paysthe freight. 
lege sowed clover seed every mouth in ^nd, so far as I have knowledge of it 
the year, and succeeded in getting more is more prominent for its early bearing 
or less of a stand from the sowing each than tor [ 
time. The value of such a plan as that take it only on trial and in a 
proposed in the inquiry would dfepend small way. Grand Duke plum is one of 
almost entirely on the character of the the standard market kinds. It is dark 
^ LARGEST& MOST COMPLETE LINE 
GUTTERS,CARRIERS&POWERS 
TWENTY SIZE&COMMON OR SELF FEED, WIND OR^ 
CHAIN ELBWrORS.SWEEPTREAD&STEAM POWERS. 
CATALOGUE & SILO SENSE BOOKLET FREE 
SMALLEY M’F'G. CO. MANITOWOC, WIS. 
Why Not 
Preserve Wheat aud 
KyeStraw Straight 
Bound In 
Bundles? 
Please your custom 
ers by saving barn room and saving labor in handling 
straw. Our Combined Straw- Preserving and Spike- 
Tooth Thrasher we guarantee to thrash Wheat or 
Ryo perfectly clean and not bruise or break the 
straw, and bind the straw again in perfect bundles. 
The same machine can be changed In 15 minutes to 
a Spike-Tooth Oat. Wheat, Buckwheat. Barley and 
Corn Thrasher with Stacker attacned. Will thrash 
and clean more grain with less power than any ma¬ 
chine built. Send for catalogue B. 
GRANT-FKRRIS COMPANY, Troy, N. Y. 
A Carving Set. 
Every family needs a carving set three 
times a day. This set consists of a Shef¬ 
field caiver with eight-inch handmade 
climate. If the person lived in the 
Northern States, and a thaw occurred 
in the Winter, and the ground were left 
in the condition named, and if the char¬ 
acter of the Winters in that locality was 
such that pretty steady and hard weath¬ 
er should follow the thaw, then the plan 
of sowing seed thus would succeed well. 
purple, large, fair in quality and late in 
ripening. Lincoln is a fairly good plum 
in all respects, being medium in size, 
purple, and of good quality, but of no 
unusual superiority. Golden Drop is 
one of the best of the yellow plums. It 
steel blade, buckhorn handle, fork ana 
steel. Price, SI.90; or we will send it for 
is large, of good quality and a fairly I new subscriptions at SI 
KVtlifdo felrly'‘weirin"no?thSS- <=‘'•“1' S'-®''' o'- “ 
ern Ohio. ■ each. 
