1901 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
581 
teryx ephemeraeformis, and it is a com¬ 
mon pest on evergreens, maples and 
other shade trees in Pennsylvania and 
southward. The adult male insect is a 
small winged moth, but the female has 
no wings and is simply a larva-like bag 
of eggs; she does not leave the cater¬ 
pillar case or bag. The insect winters 
in the egg stage inside the bags. Hence, 
much can be done to check this pest by 
picking off and burning the bags con¬ 
taining the eggs during the Winter. 
Many of the bags will be found empty, 
and these are the ones from which the 
males were developed and emerged. It 
might be practicable in some cases to 
pick off and burn the caterpillars in 
their bags. When they are feeding in 
Summer, one could easily feed the cater¬ 
pillars Paris-green or other poison by 
simply spraying the infested trees tho. - 
cjughly. We would never cut down the 
tree. m. v. slinoeruand. 
Anthracnose on Raspberries. 
A. P. V. D., Amity, Pa.—My black rasp¬ 
berries show patches of disease or fungus 
on the canes, and are losing vitality. What 
is the trouble? 
Ans. —Your raspberry canes appear 
to be affected with anthracnose, 
which, as you say, is a fungus disease. 
It appears in patches scattered all over 
the canes, which become feeble and 
grow slowly, finally breaking down 
when the disease is far advanced. The 
patches you see on the canes are mere¬ 
ly the fruit or seed-bearing portions of 
the fungus plant, which consists of a 
network of vines or threads, growing 
through the substance of the canes and 
feeding upon the sap. As most of the 
fungus grows inside the cane, spraying 
will not entirely cure it. The best plan 
is to cut away all diseased canes, dig up 
the roots, and burn the plants to pre¬ 
vent further infection. Spraying several 
times during the season will prevent the 
remainder from becoming infected. 
Healthy young plants may be set in the 
vacant spaces, but they should be care¬ 
fully watched to see that the disease 
does not recur. We ai’e sorry to say 
that no certain cure for this destructive 
disease is known. It is probably best 
in the end to abandon the ground and 
set a new patch with healthy plants in 
uninfected soil. 
EVERYBODY'S GARDEN. 
Mustard Seed. —D. W. D., Hickman, 
Ky., asks how to clean onion seetls. He 
wishes to free them from husk to sow 
with Planet Jr. seed drill. Harvesting 
the seed must be done in the nick of 
time, else it is attended by considerable 
loss, and as it ripens unevenly the safe 
plan is to gather as rapidly as it ripens. 
As soon as the heads turn brown they 
should be gathered by clipping with five 
or six inches of the stalk. If ripe 
enough to shell, gather in tight boxes 
or baskets, and spread on a tight floor, 
where the air will have free access. 
Frequent turning will assist the drying, 
which should be done as rapidly as pos¬ 
sible. When thoroughly cured pound 
out with a flail, or small amounts may 
be thrashed out with a stick or with 
the feet. The cleaning is easily done 
with the fanning mill, or lacking this, 
they may be winnowed by hand. Spread 
down a sheet or blanket, fastening down 
the corners to prevent the wind from 
blowing it away. Hold the seed high 
and pour slowly, and a moderately 
strong current of air will take out most 
of the refuse. Repeat the operation un¬ 
til clean. If too much chaff still re¬ 
mains, or much shrunken seed is pres¬ 
ent, pour the seed into water; the good 
seed will settle at the bottom, leaving 
the chaff and shrunken seed on top 
where it may be poured off. It wat^^r is 
used the seed must be dried without de¬ 
lay by spreading on cloth and exposing 
to the sun and aii’. If the husks or seed 
cells adhere to the seed there is but one 
conclusion, viz., the seed was gathered 
when too green, and in that case the 
risk of sowing it would be too great; 
and I would advise not using it even if 
other seed had to be purchased. In gar¬ 
dening there are but few things mo.e 
disastrous or annoying than the loss of 
a crop through sowing poor seed. 
The same inquirer also asks: “Is 
there any profit in growing black mus¬ 
tard seed for market? Give average 
price per pound.” This answer involves 
several questions of prime importance. 
With the questions of favorable soil 
conditions and access to market settled, 
of which every man must be his own 
judge, other questions naturally arise, 
the first being the demand. The black 
or brown mustard seed is grown almost 
exclusively for medicinal purposes, or 
for use as a condiment or table relish. 
The available avenues for the output of 
the crop then, are the jobbers in crude 
drugs, the spice manufacturers or the 
seedsmen. In the crude drug trade the 
demand is not excessive, being only 
about as one to 100 in favor of the white 
seed. However, the demand is quite 
considerable even at this rate. In the 
spice trade the demand is much greater, 
and should be equal to, if not more than 
for the white seed, as the best brands 
of table mustard should contain an 
equal proportion, if not greater ot the 
black seed than the white. Among the 
seedsmen there is considerable used, and 
is doubtless, like many other varieties 
of seeds, grown for them on contract. 
By writing personally to some of the 
many reliable seed houses a man might 
be able to contract advantageously with 
them for growing the seed. 
In the drug and spice ti’ade the Caa- 
fornia grown seed has the preference, 
while the southern grown is classed in 
a lower grade. This fact would enter 
as a harmful element of competition, 
which might, however, be eliminated, .f 
cultural rather than climatic conditions 
are responsible for the disparity. All 
in all then the demand is evidently 
large. In the drug and spice trade the 
present prices would be about cents 
per pound. At these prices, the grower 
might perhaps realize four cents per 
pound. With these prices, and a yie.d 
of 25 bushels or 1,500 pounds per acre 
conservatively estimated, the returns 
would be $60 per acre. Doubtless the 
yield here is placed very low, but even 
these estimates would seem on the face 
to be quite enticing. There is, however, 
another side. The crop, while easily 
grown, is exhaustive to the soil, and at 
harvest time is particularly liable to 
damage or outright destruction through 
rain or dampness. Again, it is a moral 
impossibility to harvest and tnrash tha 
crop without more or less waste, and the 
seed thus wasted goes back into the 
gi’ound and becomes a noxious weed of 
the worst type. Once in the land it will 
remain master of the situation, as to 
destroy it is well-nigh an impossib.l 
ity. For the gardener, growing it as a 
salad or for greens, the work is safe and 
quite remunerative, as the crop is har¬ 
vested before the seed pods form. Many 
farmers grow it for the seed, and doubt¬ 
less at remunerative prices, but person¬ 
ally I would neither grow it myself nor 
advise others so to do on a farm intend¬ 
ed for a life homestead. 
Study the Market. —A very import¬ 
ant point in successful gardening is the 
market. It pays to cater for the best 
trade whether among dealers or private 
customers, and to do this successfully 
one must know their demands. For in¬ 
stance, the short or half-long varieties 
of carrots, the round or half-long beets, 
the green-podded or wax varieties of 
beans, all have their champions among 
customers, and a thorough knowledge of 
these facts often adds much to the profit 
side of the account. In many markets 
the prejudice as between the red and 
purple varieties of tomatoes is very 
strongly marked, and as to size many 
customers can hardly be induced to 
touch the extra large varieties no mat¬ 
ter how superior their quality, until 
they have once been induced to test 
them. A very large tomato of exceed¬ 
ingly fine quality which I had the plea¬ 
sure of first bringing into public notice 
in this country, was almost a dead let¬ 
ter for a time on account of its size. As 
they would not sell to any extent I gave 
away samples, with the result tha; .sinre 
the first year of growing them I have 
never grown enough to supply the de¬ 
mand. Study the demands of your mar¬ 
kets, and begin this Fall to save seeds 
with the end in view of growing what 
will best suit your individual needs. 
The same reasoning will also hold good 
as to purchased seeds. j. e. morse. 
Michigan. 
When you write advertisers mention The 
R. N.-Y. and you will get a quick reply and 
“a square deal.” See our guarantee 8th page. 
STRONG potted STRAWBERRY 
PLANTS, early and late, sent safely ^ I 
anywhere postpaid for One Dollar 
A. B. KATKAMIER, Macedon, N. V. 
Beautiful Strawberries in 1902 
We can furnish you with 
pot-grown Strawberry Plants 
that will bear a full crop of 
fruit next year. Celery and 
Cabbage Plants. Full line of 
Fruit and Ornamental Stock. 
Write at once for our Summer 
and Autumn catalogue. It 
explains all. Fruit packages 
of all kinds for sale at low 
prices. T. J. DWYER A SON. 
grange County Nurseries, Box 1, Cornwall, N. Y. 
Weeping Pipes and Chimneys. 
A foi’mer experience of mine may help 
your correspondent. My office was heated 
with a wood stove that had a large door 
which closed tightly. Of a cold day I 
would about fill it with large sticks of dry 
hardwood. When the lire got going well 
I would close the draft and turn a damper 
that was in the pipe a few feet above the 
stove. The effect would be, of course, to 
hold combustion in check, and measurably 
prevent the heat from being carried up 
and out at the top of the chimney. An¬ 
other effect would be that the pipe at the 
second elbow, where it changed from the 
horizontal to the vertical, would drip from 
the condensation of the gaseous products 
of combustion in tiie pipe above. This 
latter and undesirable effect 1 was able 
to prevent, as I discovered, by having one 
of tlie lengths of pipe above the damper 
made in such a way tliat whenever de¬ 
sired a large opening for the admission of 
air into it could be readily made. This 
length of pipe was double for about its 
middle third, a large oval opening being 
cut through the two thicknesses. By 
rotating the outer thicKuess, or jacket, 
the opening and closing of the aperture 
was effected. Whenever the draft of the 
stove was closed, and the damper in the 
pipe turned, my practice was to turn the 
jacket until the two openings came into 
correspondence. The air that would then 
be drawn into the pipe would carry with 
tt the offending gases up and out at the 
chimney top. The ventilation of the room 
was, of course, provided for at the same 
time. The draft of the chimney was 
good. It only needed fair play. 
Ontario. w. o. e. 
DREER’S 
Pot-Grown 
I Strawberry Plants^ 
planted tills Summer will produce a full 
crop of lierriea next .June. Our Mid- 
Summer catalogue, just out and mailed 
‘ free, offers plants of the best and new- 
‘ ost varieties. Also Cabbaue, C'uull- 
" flower, Uelery, and Other season- 
able plants and seeds. Write ■* 
for a copy. 
IIKNKY A. DRKKR, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
SUCCEED WHERE 
Largest Nursery. OTHERS FAIL. 
Fruit Book Free. Result of 76 years’ eipcriencc. 
FINE NURSERY STOCK 
Grown in tbe famous Delaware fruit laud. Free from 
disease; true to name. Fruit Trees, Berry 
Plants, Asparagus Roots. Try our prices on 
two-year KlelTer Pears. DOVER NURSERlEa, 
B. IL ATKINSON. Dover. Del. 
York Imperial —Ours is a strain of 
mortgage lifters. Sold here at $2 45 per barrel last 
week. Will pay in States adjoining Pennsylvania 
as well, too, with few exceptions In some soils. They 
stick to tne trees when others fall. Best method in 
the world for planting Apple trees free, witb prices on 
trees. WOODVIKW NURSERIES, Box 100, Uriah,Pa. 
yilllP IT—Wanted, address of farmers whose 
IwllCAl crop was not satisfactory Write to¬ 
day. “SMITU’S” Wheat Faim, Manchester, N. Y. 
1 notice the remarks of II. E. M., page 
541, in regard to dripping chimneys, and 
beg leave to explain the cause of the 
trouble with the stovepipe referred to. 
In my short note 1 gave the principle to 
which this dripping is due, and to go back 
to the principle is not always sufficient, 
for without a good deal of application the 
circumstances are not duly considered. 
Now, H. E. M. does not consider the 
rapid condensing effect of a stovepipe ex¬ 
posed so freely to the air, nor does he 
take note of the fact, which I tliink 1 
mentioned, that ordinary dry firewood 
still contains about one-fourtli its weight 
of water. 'i'he water is, of course, changed 
Into vapor in which is mixed the pyro¬ 
ligneous acid of the wood, a spirit as we 
commonly call it, that is something wliich 
is—when hot—a vapor and when cooled is 
a liquid; and this is much more easily 
condensed by the rapid cooling of a stove¬ 
pipe than it would be by the more easily 
warmed stone or brick of a chimney. 1 
have been burning wood for 4U years, and 
at first studied out this matter on the 
principle given, which is scientifically cor¬ 
rect, and then adapted my chimneys to 
it, and have had very little trouble since, 
except when a stovepipe is used to con¬ 
nect with the chimney and has an elbow 
in it besides, to act as a restraint on the 
smoke and vapor, and so produce an 
active cooling influence on the smoke and 
vapor, by which some of this condensible 
moisture is liquefied. If H. E. M. will dis¬ 
card the stovepipe, or encase it In the 
terra cotta pipes now used for this pur¬ 
pose, so as to avoid the rapid cooling of 
the hot vapors of the smoke, and run the 
stovepipe on a level into the chimney as 
near as may he, and will well season hi.s 
firewood, and use it dry, the annoyance 
will cease. I am now burning dry wo. d, 
cut in the Summer, and keeping up seven 
fires in the Winter in my house, and theie 
Is no drip from three stoves; the other 
fire.s are in ihe open fireplaces, and 
have no trouble whatever, hut when using 
green wood one stove which has an elbow 
in the six feet of pipe used, drips a little, 
enough to run down the pipe part way, 
the other pipes which go straight into the 
chimney do not drip at ail. It would pre¬ 
vent the drip if the pipe in the room were 
double, as it would avoid the coldness of 
the inner pipe by which the acid is con¬ 
densed. H. STEWART. 
OUB MAMMOTH WHITE WINTER 
SEED RYE AND STRAW, can now be seen at 
Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo. It is noted for its 
productiveness In grain and straw. Awarded First 
Prizes at several New York State and American 
Institute I'airs; also tlrst at the Tennessee Centen¬ 
nial, Missouri. Vermont and Massaebnsetts State 
Ifalrs See illustration. Fig. 245, August 17, of Tub 
R. N -Y. Price, $lper Du. K. L. CLARKsON,Tivoli. N.Y 
Refer by permission to The Rural New-Yorker. 
CRIMSOU CLOVER SEED-?r„.' nS; “r?.",’ 
R. S. JOHNSTON, Box 100, Stockley, Del. 
Home-Grown Crimson Clover Seed. 
Choice Japanese Buckwheat. Seed Wheat and Win¬ 
ter Oats. J. B. HOLLAND, Milford, Del, 
CELERY PLANTS 
CLOVER SEED 
$4 per bn.; sacks free. J. 
—not spindling ones 
and not raised by Irri¬ 
gation method—$1.50jier thousand. 
-Choice, clean Crimson or 
Scarlet of my own raising, 
C. BLLtS, Mlllsboro, Del. 
PVADAR ATftP “The Granger” for fruits and vege- 
LvaruiviilUR tables. I»3, »5, 98. Circular 
BA8TERN MFG. CO., '257 South 5th St., PUlla., Pa. 
The Robison Basket Co., Painesvllle, O., the largest 
manufacturers In the U. S. of grape, peach and truit 
packages. Write us for samples and price s. 
PEACH 
BASKETS 
Sizes 2, 4, G, 8, 10,12 and 
10 quarts. 
Peach Covers 
Square and Round Wood, 
Burlap and Cotton. 
Ga. Peach Carriers 
with six Baskets. 
Grape Baskets 
Sizes 5, 8 and 10 pounds. 
Berry, Peach and 
Grape Crates 
Crate Stock and Box 
Shooks in all sizes, direct 
from the manufacturers. 
Special Prices to Dealers 
and Carload Buyers. 
Write lor Catalogue. 
COLES & CO., 
109 & 111 Warren St., 
NEW YORK CITY. 
A M1% D| |||yV0—from Scale. New and Choice Varieties. 
Tntto mfiU rLANIo Blackberries, Strawberries, Raspberries. 
Our FREE CATALOGUE will save yon money. MYKR & SON, Bridgeville, Del. 
