8 
W. L. WILLIAMS. 
Fig. VI.—Nasal partition from a 4-year-old Montana farm 
gelding, affected with glanders about one year. At A are shown, 
two large wrinkled scars, the seat of the former ulcerating 
patches. At B are seen several recent ulcers. 
Under the heading of Climates, among those influences Dr. 
Williams says: 
CLIMATE. 
“ Of all conditions of affecting glanders, climate exerts the 
most notable influence, rendering the horses of some countries 
almost wholly exempt, while those of other countries suffer 
extensively and severely. The disease has been for many years 
extensive and severe throughout central and northern Europe, 
and Great Britain, Although having a large number of horses 
the Australian continent is said to be free from the disease, no 
outbreak having thus far being recorded, although it is scarcely 
possible that no animals affected with glanders have been im¬ 
ported to that country. 
In British India * the disease has at times been extensively 
imported but was readily eradicated and native animals appear 
immune. 
In Southern Russia and in Roumania and Italy, glanders is 
very prevalent. Prof. V. Babes of Bucharest, Roumania, from 
careful investigation estimates that 30 per cent, to 50 per cent, 
of the horses in that and in other Roumanian cities are affected 
with glanders, but in a very mild form, generally showing no 
external signs, and frequently recovering spontaneously. In 
south Russia and in Italy the disease appears little less common 
than in Roumania and assumes a like mild type with frequent 
recovery either spontaneously or with treatment. It also pre¬ 
vails in Africa and in north China. 
The immunity of horses against glanders in Australia and 
British India is, so far as can be seen, referable almost wholly to 
climatic influences, chiefly to the light rain fall, regular temper¬ 
ature, the dry atmosphere, and similar conditions serve to 
* Fleming’s Veterinary Science and Police, Vol. I. P. 479. 
