GLANDERS. 
II 
Finding early that the disease was transmissible to other ani¬ 
mals by means of inoculation with the discharges from suspected 
animals, this means of arriving at a safe diagnosis suggested it¬ 
self and considerable study was spent upon this subject in an 
effort to render this process reliable and convenient. Horses 
were tried as test animals but in these it was found unreliable, 
many of them being quite refractory to the disease, and in ad¬ 
dition to the want of reliability the experiment animals proved 
too expensive. 
Asses and mules were also tried, they being more susceptible 
to the glanders poison than horses, but these animals although 
somewhat more reliable were more difficult to obtain in many 
places and their value tended to prohibit their use. Then fol¬ 
lowed a long series of experiments with smaller animals including 
guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, mice and others, some of which re¬ 
sponded promptly to the inoculation and appear to have yielded 
some practical results. 
But in general the process proved unsatisfactory and trouble¬ 
some delaying action in regard to suspected cases until the 
experimental inoculation had been tried, and besides, the inocu¬ 
lation was not practicable or convenient in most hands. 
Even had inoculation in itself proven reliable, there are manv 
cases of glanders in which there is no nasal or other discharge 
from which material can be obtained from the living animal for 
inoculation while it was found that in very mild cases of glanders 
the nasal discharges were very unreliable and produced the dis¬ 
ease in comparatively few experiment animals. 
The study of the pathological anatomy or structure of the 
diseased parts by Virchow, in 1855, gave new hopes of a basis 
for the safe diagnosis of suspected cases and it was attempted to 
practically diagnose the disease in the living animal by a micro¬ 
scopical examination of the enlarged lymphatic glands from 
between the jaws. Such means, however, were not available to 
most veterinarians and being rather impracticable generally, 
never came into common use. 
The observations of Turn, Hallier and others in 1868 and the 
