12 
W. L. WILLIAMS. 
__ . ________. 
following years, in which they found in the blood and other parts 
of the body, a living bacillus, which was finally fully identified 
and proven as the sole cause of glanders by Loefler and Schutz, 
in 1886, gave the hope that microscopical examination of dis¬ 
charges or diseased tissues for the glanders bacilli, would prove 
a very valuable means for diagnosing obscure cases, but the mild 
ones, those for which some reliable test was desired, furnished 
comparatively few of the bacilli, rendering their detection very 
difficult and, besides, only a very few persons were capable of 
making a reliable microscopical diagnosis. The next and crown¬ 
ing discovery in relation to the diagnosis of glanders, based upon 
the discovery of the glanders bacillus of Loefler and Schutz and 
suggested by the discovery of tuberculin by Dr. Kock was the 
discovery and preparation by Kalning and Helman of Russia, in 
1891, of the product of the glanders bacillus known as mallein. 
This substance represents the poisonous products given off or 
formed during the growth of the glanders bacilli and is prepared 
by growing the germs artificially on potatoes, beef bouillon or 
other culture material and when the bacilli are well developed 
they are separated from the fluid by filtering and the fluid con¬ 
taining the poisons generated by the germs is then heated 
repeatedly to a temperature of about 120° C (248° F) and is 
either retained securely sealed in liquid form or is precipitated 
by means of alcohol and dried (dry mallein). 
This substance when injected in proper amount into the sys¬ 
tem of a horse affected with glanders causes in a few hours (5 to 
16) a marked rise in temperature, or fever, amounting usually to 
2 ° C ( 4 ° F) or more, above the normal body temperature. 
In acute or severe glanders we already have an elevation of 
temperature and in these we in some cases find no marked reac¬ 
tion but they are easily diagnosed without the aid of mallein, in 
the mild chronic cases we usually find no fever whatever, and it 
is in these we need the aid of mallein in arriving at a safe con¬ 
clusion. 
Our present knowledge of disease indicates that in glanders 
the bacilli themselves are not the cause of the chief symptoms in - 
