THE ACTION OF POISONS UPON ANIMALS. 
399 
dll an elephant. We remark here, that since the final effect 
if prussic acid, viz., for a certain given quantity, is the same, 
vhether it is given in the concentrated form or in any dilu¬ 
tion whatever, the best method for the destruction of such 
arge animals as, e.g., the elephant, is to mix the poison with 
m alcoholic beverage, whiskey or rum, and water and allow 
t to be drank. 
It is scarcely necessary to mention, that the constitution, 
;he individual disposition (idiosyncrasy), the condition of the 
stomach (filled or empty), the race and sex, are to be consid¬ 
ered when we speak of the action of a poison, and this will 
differ accordingly. 
Finally, there is the factor of adaptation. Arsenic, which 
s used as a cosmetic for horses, will gradually be tolerated in 
enormous doses. While the average fatal dose, as we have 
seen above, is io to 15 grammes internally, or 2.0 grammes 
when introduced into wounds; there are cases on record, 
vhere horses remained in good health after the application 
)f 30 grammes. We must not forget, however, that the form 
n which the poison is applied has to be taken into considera¬ 
tion. Arsenious oxid solutions are by far more poisonous 
ha.11 solid arsenious oxid (white arsenic). It is similar in 
'egard to substances when taken in powdered form, or when 
aken in lumps. In addition the commercial white arsenic is 
>f different kinds. Some specimens are more soluble than 
)thers. 
Considering all the above mentioned facts we should never 
orget that the particular organism acted upon has to be con- 
idered if we speak of the toxic effect of a certain substance. 
The most varying chemical agencies may produce poison 
;ases. We do not mean to speak of therapeutic errors, acci- 
lentally brought about, nor of criminal poisoning. 
Interesting in this regard is lead. Some rivers which pass 
>y lead works have been the cause of cattle poisoning. The 
xternal application of red lead salves has caused disturbances, 
or the reason that the animals licked off the salve from each 
ther. Pails, railings, etc., newly painted with lead paint, 
ave caused grave toxic cases. Concerning sugar of lead 
ead acetate), it is fatal in the following progression: Pig and 
