504 
JACOB HELMEK. 
mur mur, a sound similar to that obtained by rubbing - to¬ 
gether the palms of the hands. It is caused by the now 
swollen membranes coming in contact with each other in the 
movements of the lung. Auscultation in the second stage 
denotes loss of respiratory murmur in the inferior third of 
the chest and upwards in proportion to the depth of the 
effusion. Percussion in the first stage yields a slightly dim¬ 
inished pulmonary resonance, but dullness increases as the 
disease advances. Percussion over the effusion yields a flat 
sound. Above the fluid line there may be a semi-tympanitic 
resonance which will be be referred to elsewhere. 
CEdema of the Lungs. —This is a condition characterized 
by an effusion, serous in character, into the air cells and pos¬ 
sibly into the surrounding connective tissue. It is a bilateral 
condition. It is a sequel of some debilitating disease. It 
may appear with congestion of the lungs. It happens sud¬ 
denly. Inspection notes difficult but feeble respiration. 
There is no elevation of temperature. Percussion yields dull¬ 
ness. Auscultation may elicit moist rales. 
Pulmonary Congestion.— This condition is caused by a sud¬ 
den influx of an increased quantity of blood into the pulmon¬ 
ary vessels. Inspection reveals dyspnoea, frothy expectora¬ 
tion tinged with blood. Animal may appear excited or 
depressed. On auscultation the cardiac sounds are increased. 
On percussion there is loss of pulmonary resonance on both 
sides of the chest. It is a bilateral malady. Autopsy re¬ 
veals the lungs deep dyed and crepitant. 
Differential Diagnosis. —The differential diagnosis of these 
various diseases of the lungs has made itself apparent in 
what has been already said of them. It only remains to re¬ 
state the distinctions in a concise manner. 
Croupous Pneumonia in the first stage is distinguished from 
bi onchitis in the same stage by the former having a crepi¬ 
tant and the latter a sonorous rale. In bronchitis there is no 
consolidation of lung tissue as in pneumonia. It is a bilater¬ 
al disease. It yields mucus rales in the second stage and in¬ 
creased 1 esonance on percussion. All these are the opposite 
in pneumonia. Croupous pneumonia is known from capil- 
