505 
PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS. 
lary bronchitis by about the same signs as bronchitis. In 
capillary bronchitis we have in the first stage a hissing 
sound, the sibilant rale. Croupous pneumonia is known from 
pleurisy by the friction murmur of the latter in the first 
stage. In the second stage is flatness on percussion. The 
upward limit of this loss of resonance is bounded by a hori¬ 
zontal line. Pleurisy with effusion is a bilateral disease in the 
horse. In pleurisy we have the increased abdominal breath¬ 
ing and abdominal furrow. 
Pneumonia is distinguished from asthma by one being 
febrile and the other a non-febrile disorder. Pneumonia is 
regular in its course. Asthma comes in paroxysms. Asthma 
is characterized by a wheezy breathing performed with 
much labor during the paroxysm. In pneumonia the breath¬ 
ing is panting in character. 
A paroxysm of asthma is distinguished from an attack of 
congestion of the lungs by the wheezy breathing of the for¬ 
mer. In asthma, on percussion, pulmonary resonance is 
greatly exaggerated, and auscultation yields an increase of 
the respiratory murmur and sibilant rales. These are of the 
opposite character in congestion of the lungs. There is little 
or no fever in asthma, and in a severe attack the animal 
coughs frequently. Asthma may be confounded with bron¬ 
chitis in the first stage, but the high temperature of bron¬ 
chitis and the congestion of the Schneiderian membrane and 
conjunctiva will establish the difference. 
Congestion of the kings may be distinguished from the 
congestive stage of pneumonia by the latter having a very 
high fever and ushered in by a chill. Pneumo-thorax, or air 
in the chest cavity, may be distinguished by well marked 
tympanitic resonance on percussion. It must not be con¬ 
founded with the condition that sometimes exists in pleurisy 
or pneumonia that gives rise to a diminished tympanitic reso¬ 
nance. In pneumonia a tympanitic sound is transmitted 
through a portion of consolidated lung on heavy percussion 
in some rare cases. It is supposed to be caused by the vi¬ 
bration of air in large bronchus or in a cavity. Again, 
in pleurisy with much effusion, we find a tympanitic reso- 
