i89o 
THK RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
i5 
milker. The dairy cow should have a 
clean, wide, large muzzle, a large, full eye, 
a large brain. 1 want to see the processes 
of the spine high and prominent. The 
shoulder should he sharp. The ribs should 
not spring like a barrel. The pelvic arch 
should be high. A relaxed condition of 
the muscular system. I don’t want a cow 
to be hardy, but I want her to have a con¬ 
stitution to transform feed into milk. 
Don’t be worried about exercise when a 
cow is turning out a pound or two of but¬ 
ter per day. i saw an English surgeon se¬ 
lecting men for the army by their umbilical 
development, because he wanted men who 
would be able to stand hardships. Con¬ 
stitution is inherited and is shown by the 
umbilical development. 
Prof. G. C. Caldwell, of Cornell Univer¬ 
sity, read a short paper entitled: “ Paying 
for Milk According to its Richness.” Three 
obstacles stand in the way of this : 1. The 
difficulties of determining the fat in 
the milk, which have been very troublesome, 
but we hope are solved by the Short 
method which is simple and correct. 2. 
The difficulty of settling upon the rate of 
compensation, which may be easily met. 3. 
The dissatisfaction of patrons who have 
been furnishing poor milk. 
Gov. Hoard: When milk is brought to 
our creamery we put all the milk from the 
best herds into one vat and that from the 
poor herds into another. When the poor- 
milk vat was giving us 85 cents per 100 
pounds, the other was giving $1.05 per 100. 
The cream test will settle the value of milk 
for cheese very closely. 
Prof. Caldwell: The ratio betweeu fat 
and caseiue in milk can be changed by 
feeding, though these constituents gener¬ 
ally increase in like proportion. Palm-nut 
meal will change the ratio on some cows. 
Mr. Emery: Cattle brought to our 
station by rail gave 10 to 12 per cent, of 
butter fat. We had at Houghton Farm a 
heifer that gave milk having 10 per cent. 
. of fat. 
Col. F. D. Curtis spoke on “Lessons from 
the Dairy Conferences.” The average in¬ 
come from the cows of this State is $35 per 
year, and the average cost of food for a cow 
is $30 per year. Against the small margin 
of $5, we must figure the wear of tools, in¬ 
terest on investment and labor. The 
average amount of milk required for a 
pound of butter at the conferences was 
21.29 pounds. Tests were made from the 
best herds in the State. Statistics gathered 
by the Dairy Commissioner from the 
hutter factories, show that the ratio is 25 
to 1, and the average of all dairies will 
reach 30 to 1 ; 10.6 pounds of milk are re¬ 
quired for a pound of cheese. This ratio is 
growing wider year by year. The fertility 
of our pastures is decreasing and coarse, 
worthless grasses are creeping in This is 
a note of warning, dairymen. The heresy 
of a general purpose cow is too prevalent. 
The average net price of milk at cheese 
factories last summer was 75 cents per' 
hundred. The average price of dairy but¬ 
ter has beeu 13 cents. Two cents a quart 
was the average price of milk sent into our 
great metropolis. It is very evident that 
too many of us are summer dairymen. 
One great reason of our poor prices is the 
ignorance of the farmers in regard to the 
ability of their cows to manufacture milk. 
In his own herd, Col. Curtis found that the 
cow he prided himself on, needed 29 pounds 
of milk for a pound of butter, and that 
the ratio for the whole herd was 19 to 1. 
Needless exposure of our cows adds a 
third to the cost of wintering them. The 
average farmer feeds his cows at the end of 
a fork-haudle, by guess. He feeds through 
the winter not for production but for re¬ 
duction. He has less pounds of cow in the 
spring than he had in the fall. The State 
of New York has enacted a law to protect 
us from oleomargarine; they have gone 
further and have made laws to promote 
the dairy interests of the State. It is a 
blessing to us that we are driven to dairy¬ 
ing, for by it we can restore the fertility 
of our land. We can never succeed in dairy¬ 
ing till we have better education. He can¬ 
not find a competent man to assist men in 
his dairy. We must have dairy schools. 
The State Dairy Commissioner Hon. J. 
K. Brown, followed with a short 
talk upon the work of his department. 
“ It affords me great pleasure,” said he, “to 
renew the statement that no oleomargarine 
is manufactured in this State. Occasion¬ 
ally, as men will deal in unlawful articles, 
men will smuggle into the State some of 
the fraudulent butter, but they are soou 
detected. Another dairy interest, the man¬ 
ufacture of crude milk, is daily increasing 
in its prominence. The consumers have 
come to have great confidence in its purity 
and value as a food. The percentage of 
adulteration has been lowered to where it 
never was before. It is said that those who 
receive the milk from the farmers deprive 
it of part of its cream without leaving it 
below the standard. If I can get legal evi¬ 
dence of this I will prosecute those who 
have done the skimming. 
Some have suggested that the standard 
of milk be raised to 3*4 per cent, of fat, but 
this would seriously injure the interests of 
some of the people the of State.” 
Prof. Roberts: A five-year rotation 
carried on for 50 years has extracted $200 
worth of fertility per acre. Not over one 
half of that fertility has been returned to 
our fields. Is it strange that a farm worth 
$100 per acre 50 years ago will not sell for 
$50 now ? 
Gov. Hoard: We are confronted with 
the same difficulties. We have been fertiliz¬ 
ing 50,000 farmers in Wisconsin for several 
years. In every place this year where an 
institute is held we select a dozen farmers 
to experiment with manure and also to 
weigh their milk. Next winter we will 
have some new ideas.” 
Prof. II. H. Wing said that he had 
not been able to incorporate an excess of 
caseinein the butter by heating the milk or 
cream to a temperature of not to exceed 
125 degrees, even when the milk had be¬ 
come slightly sour: that experiments with 
the milk aerator showed that the process 
cooled the milk about 20 degrees; conse¬ 
quently a less perfect creaming and a 
slightly decreased butter product. •Experi¬ 
enced judges could not detect any marked 
difference in the flavor of the butter from 
the unaerated and aerated milk. The aera¬ 
tor might be of value if the milk were heat¬ 
ed up to blood heat again before setting. 
Prof. Sanborn: Grain fed to pastured 
cows is taken as a substitute food in place 
of part of the grass. 
Sec. Woodward : My cows say that 
green grass and silage are more digestible 
and assimilable than nay and grain. Those 
fed silage gave more milk, more butter, 
consumed less grain and sold for more for 
beef than those fed all the hay and grain 
they could eat. 
Gov. Hoard discussed the question of 
“Cost of Meat and Milk Production.” He 
said: “Nine-tenths of our farmers are 
more solicitous about what they will get 
for their products than about the cost of 
production. We cannot control price. The 
man I spoke of yesterday who gets $70 per 
cow for milk at our creamery, never does a 
day’s work, but he is ready to buy knowl¬ 
edge in every market. Twelve years ago 
his dairy of Short-horn cows brought him 
only 150 pounds of butter per year; any 
extra feed would be used by them in the 
manufacture of flesh rather than milk. 
Acting under my advice he bought a fine 
Jersey null and placed him at the head of 
his herd and his present herd is the off 
spring of this sire. His herd will produce 
275 pounds of butter per cow now and he 
feeds no more than he did 12 years ago. 
One hundred and fifty pounds of butter 
will only pay for the keeping of his cows. 
He has 125 pounds of increase without cost; 
so increasing production will reduce cost. 
When 1 left Madison County much money 
was loaned by its resideuts to the West. 
Now, in my town, 60 to 70 per cent, of the 
farm values is mortgaged. The people 
went there crazy over hops. A little exper¬ 
iment carried out at the New Hampshire 
Experiment Station, showed that the aver¬ 
age cost of a qua rt of milk from the best 
cow was 1,59 cent, while a quart cost from 
the poorest cow on the same ration 4.26 
cents. When the best cow was fed the best 
of five rations, the cost of her milk was 1.32 
cent per quart; on the poorest ration it 
was 5.35 cents per quart. To feed a first- 
class ration gave an advantage in cost of 
4.03 cents per quart. To feed the best cow 
gave an advantage in cost of 2.65 cents per 
quart. We fed a lot of pigs weighing 100 
pounds for 56 days. We bought them at $4.50 
a hundred and sold them at the same price. 
The increase in weight gave us 22 cents a 
hundred for the milk. We found that up 
to 50 pounds weight, the pig gave us an in¬ 
creasing ratio of weight to food consumed. 
After 50 pounds the ratio decreased. We 
found that a pound of weight at 100 pounds 
required 10 per cent, more food than at 50 
pounds, 15 per cent, at 150 pounds, and 24 
per ceut. at 200 pounds. The food of sup¬ 
port causes this change.” 
Gov. Hoard said in response to questions: 
“The oil-test is the closest test of a small 
quantity of milk for a large quantity, but 
you are often bothered to determine the 
line of separation. 
The best test is either the Short or the 
Patrick. The most accurate test we can 
make is to seal a quart of milk in a Mason’s 
fruit jar; churn it when it has ripened, 
work and weigh the butter in an Apoth¬ 
ecary’s scales Every dairyman for the 
sake of the intelligence to be gained from 
it should test each of his cows by the Short 
or Patrick method. Weigh the milk each 
cow gives and keep a record of it. There is 
no call to day for keeping qualities in but¬ 
ter. It is that excellent flavor in butter 
that lasts only two weeks which brings the 
top price of the market. Competition in a 
butter market is what our farmers need. 
Our best dairymen in Wisconsin do not 
turn their cows out for exercise, but they 
do like to get the sunshine on them. Build 
your stables on the south side of the barn 
and put in pienty of windows.” 
M. F. w. 
Various, 
W. P. P., Malone, N. Y. —1. On which 
crops can hen manure be used with the 
best results and how ? 2. Is there any 
way of telling whether a cow is or is not 
pregnant. 3. Are there any means of 
causing a cow which shows no signs of 
coming into heat, to become pregnant ? 
ANS.—1. We prefer to use hen manure 
in the hill. It does best with us on sweet 
corn, melons or Lima beans. 2. No, no 
way that could be described accurately in 
print. 3. We do not know of any. Vari¬ 
ous practices have been described in the R. 
N.-Y. that tend to get the cow into a state 
of vigorous health, but they can hardly be 
said to insure pregnancy. 
Pi.sretlsncou.si SUmtising. 
THE ADVANCE HAY TEDDER. 
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LAEEST IMPROVED WESTERN 
WASHER! 
20,000 sold during 
the year tSSh. 
This article is abso. 
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INFANTILE 
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DISEASES 
■.••cured by.-- 
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Sold everywhere. Price, Ccticctra, 50c. ; Soap. 25c. 
Resolvent. $ 1 . Prepared by the Potter Dues asp 
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Send for “ How to Cure Skin Diseases.” 
XW Baby’s Skin and -ealp preserved and beautl- 
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Kidney "ains. Backache and weakness cured 
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AGENTS SSSS 
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Bird 1 
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CANADA 
UNLEACHED 
HARD-WOOD 
ASHES 
Shipped on short notice by rail in car load lots, a 
close figures. We have Imporied ashes for 25 year 
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orde-lng secure our prices and other Information. 
CHAS. ALLISON & CO.. 
202 Fulton Street, New York City. 
Catalogue 
of Plants 
and Trees 
FUEE! 
A 1«-page Qnar- £5) ET O O DHCP 
terly at only 25 Bv E, KJ \J IV LS Cm IX 
cts. per yr, Evt ry fruit grrwer should take it. Every 
No. worth $1.00. A. M. PURDY, Palmyra N. Y. 
UT HKD STRAW PRESS. 
Guaranteed to press three tons more of hay In one 
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press, with the same amount of help. Give it a trial. 
Satisfaction guaranteed or no sale nnd freight 
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J. A. SPENCER, Dwight, Ill. 
THE PURINTON STEAM GENERATOR! 
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Easy 1 1 manage as a stove ! 
Wesell more than all others comb’n’d 
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It will suit you. 
Investigate and you will buy uo other 
HP we also make lank Heaters 
and 2 4-6 Horse Boilers and Engines 
J. K. PURINTON & CO., 
ne.Mnlii««, .... IOWA. 
SEEDS 
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Crape Vines, 
Small Fruits, 
etc. 
Rarest new. Choicest old. 
Send ten cents for our illustrated catalogue 
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THE ST0RRS & HARRISON CO.. Pai.nesville, Ohio- 
REV. J. W. MACOMBER, 
Mahopae, Putnam Co., N. Y. 
writes: Dr. Seth Arnold’s 
Cough Killer cured me of 
CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS 
over 20 years ago. I have used 
It with universal success in my 
family ever since. 25c., 50c. 
and SI Per bottle. 
ALL DEALERS SELL IT. 
fee Cream at Home. 
Made cheaply and quickly 
by using a Triple Motion. 
White Mountain Freezer. 
Will freeze in half the time 
of any other Freezer and 
pnluct Cream of the finest 
quality. 
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134 Hollis St. Nashua, N.H. 
S TEAM! S TEAM I 
Quality Higher, Price Lower. 
For Strictly Cash, Complete Fixtures except Stack. 
2-Horse Eureka Boiler and Engine, $135 
4- “ “ “ “ $210 
Other sizes at low prices. 
Before you buy get our prices 
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Drawer 57 . Elmira, N, Y. 
Do not Buy a Watch 
Until you see m.v new Wholesale Catalogue, sent for 
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11. R. HAlt DEM)ROOK. 
58 Liberty Street, ifew York. 
