68 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
FEB l 
advantage over all other breeds. The Lin¬ 
coln breed has been imported to a small 
extent, but it has proved quite unsuitable 
to the American climate and conditions of 
feeding. It is rapidly retrograding in Eng¬ 
land and giving way to the Oxfords and 
Shropshires. If not loaded with fat it is 
nothing but “a bag of bones,” and the 
taste for excessively fat mutton is disap¬ 
pearing even in England ; consequently this 
breed would not be a good one for any 
American farmer for any purpose. The 
Shropshire is hardy, yields the best of mut¬ 
ton and a very good fleece of excellent 
wool, rears its lambs well and is not par¬ 
ticular about the climate or locality. In 
these respects it surpasses all the others 
named except the South Down, and it sur¬ 
passes this in its size and the weight of its 
fleece. 
ALBtr- 
CARBO- 
MINOIDS. 
HYDRATES. 
KATS. COST 
6 lbs. barley... 0.48 
3.53 
0.10 $0,042 
2 “ bran. 0.20 
.97 
06 0.010 
2 “ pea meal. 0.40 
1 08 
.03 0 018 
18 “ clover hay. 1.53 
6.88 
0.31 0.108 
2.61 
Nutritive ratio 5.3 
12.46 
0.50 $0,178 
If you have plenty of good straw worth, 
say, $4 per ton, the following ration will be 
both cheap and effective in the production 
of good milk and butter: 
ALBU¬ 
MINOIDS. 
CARBO¬ 
HYDRATES. 
FATS C08T. 
5 lbs. barley... 
. 0.40 
2.44 
0.08 $0,035 
3 “ bran. 
. 0.30 
1.45 
0.09 0.015 
4 “ pea-meal 
.. 0.81 
2 17 
0.07 0.036 
8 “ straw_ 
. 0.06 
1.92 
0.02 0.016 
10 “ clover hay 0.85 
3.82 
0.17 0.060 
2.42 
11.80 
0.43 $0,162 
GOVERNORS OF ALL THE STATES. 
F. H. B., Mandana, N. Y .—What are 
the names of the Governors of all the States 
in the United States ? 
ANSWER. 
STATK. (iOVEKNOK. POLITICS. 
Alabama.Thomas Seay.D. 
Arkansas.Joseph P. Eagles.D. 
California.R. H. Waterman.R. 
Colorado.Job A. Cooper.R. 
Connecticut. .. .Morgan G. Bulkeley.. .R. 
Delaware.Benjamin T. Biggs_1). 
Florida.Francis P. Fleming_D. 
Georgia.John B. Gordon.D. 
Illinois.Joseph W. Fifer.R. 
Indiana.Alvin P. Hovey.R. 
Iowa.Horace Boies.D. 
Kansas.Lyman U. Humphrey. .R. 
Kentucky.Simon B. Buckner.I). 
Louisiana.Francis T. Nicholls_D. 
Maine .Edwin C. Burleigh_R. 
Maryland.Elihu E. Jackson.D. 
Massachusetts... .John Q. A. Brackett.. .R. 
Michigan.Cyrus G. Luce.R. 
Minnesota.W. R. Merriam.R. 
Mississippi.John M. Stone.D. 
Missouri.David R. Francis.D. 
Montana.Joseph K. Toole.D. 
Nebraska.John M. Thayer.R. 
Nevada.C. C. Stevenson.R. 
New Hampshire. .David H. Goodell.R. 
New Jersey.Leon Abbett.I). 
New York.David B. Hill.I). 
North Carolina...Daniel G. Fowie.D. 
North Dakota_John Miller.R. 
Ohio.James E Campbell_D. 
Oregon.Sylvester Pennoyer_D. 
Pennsylvania.James A. Beaver.R. 
Rhode Island.Herbert W. Ladd.R, 
South Carolina.. .John P. Richardson.. ..D. 
South Dakota . . .Arthur C. Mallette_Ii. 
Tennessee.Robert L. Taylor.D. 
Texas.Laurence S. Ross.I). 
Vermont.W. P. Dillingham.R. 
Virginia.Philip W. McKinney..D. 
Washington.Elisha P. Ferry.R. 
West Virginia.... E. Willis Wilson *.I). 
Wisconsin.William D. Hoard.R. 
* Governor Wilson, of West Virginia 
holds office until the Legislature meets in 
1890. In the meanwhile the contest between 
Fleming, Democrat, and Goff, Republican, 
has to be decided. 
RATIONS FOR BUTTER PRODUCTION. 
E. C. Ii., Newcastle, Canada .—I have a 
quantity of No. 3 extra barley for which I 
can get only 35 cents per bushel; how will 
it compare in value as a feed for cows, for 
producing butter, other grains being in 
price as follows: Oats, 25 cents; corn, 50 
cents ; peas, 55 cents per bushel, and bran 
&10 per ton, and what would be the best 
method of feeding it? I am feeding 10 
pounds of meal per day prepared in the 
following proportions : Two parts of bar¬ 
ley, one part of oats, and one part of bran, 
all in bulk, and all the clover hay the cows 
will eat. Would the above be a good feed, 
and will it make a good quality of butter ? 
Ans.—B arley at 35 cents per bushel is 
about equal in nutritive value to oats at 
25 cents. If you had the oats they would 
make rather better feed for milch cows, 
because oats are richer in fats than barley. 
Still if one had the barley and did not have 
the oats there would not be difference 
enough in value to pay for hauling the 
barley to market and the oats back to the 
farm. The ration you are feeding is ex¬ 
cellent and ought to give good results. 
You do not give the price of clover hay, nor 
do you give the amount eaten by your 
cows. Assuming the price to be $12 per 
ton, and that your cows eat 18 pounds in 
addition to the grain feed, the ration you 
are feeding would have a nutritive ratio of 
one to 5.6, and cost nearly 18 cents per day. 
If, as we assume, you would prefer to feed 
barley rather than oats, the following 
ration having a slightly narrower nutritive 
ratio, might be substituted at the same cost. 
Nutritive ratio 5.3. 
This would be for a cow weighing 1,000 
pounds. The straw should be cut and have 
meal and water sprinkled over it. 
MANURE FOR A PEACH ORCHARD. 
IE. P., Kingston, N. J.—What kind of 
manure or fertilizer would be advisable on 
a peach orchard which I will set in the 
spring, on sandy loam ground, which has 
been pretty well worked down. 
ANSWERED BY ELI MINCH. 
Much depends upon what was the origi¬ 
nal rock from which the sand was formed. 
If limestone it probably has phosphoric 
acid in fair supply and will need less of it. 
If formed of granite rock full of potash 
feldspar, it will need but little potash in 
that case, and more phosphoric acid. If 
derived from quartz rock, it will need all 
if you wish to grow a healthy orchard. I 
use. on a soil of moderate fertility, 1,000 
pounds of line bone deeply plowed under, 
say, seven or eight inches, and then I set 
the trees three inches deeper than they 
grew in the nursery. When the growth 
starts , I use 1,000 pounds of kainit annual¬ 
ly evenly broadcasted as a surface dressing. 
Four hundred pounds of muriate of potash 
or 50 bushels of ashes would do as well. I 
find it useless to attempt to grow peaches 
without a liberal use of potash, for without 
it yellow's will appear. Deep planting and 
deep plowing the first year make a deep- 
rooted tree which more easily secures man¬ 
ure from the soil and starts later in the 
spring and suffers less from sudden changes 
of the weather. The culture after the 
second year is shallow. Barn-yard or stable 
manure makes a large growth of succu¬ 
lent, immature wood which perfects blos¬ 
soms of weak vitality causing a great loss 
both of fruit and vitality of the tree if too 
freely used. 
TIME FOR SOWING BLUE GRASS AND OR¬ 
CHARD GRASS. 
J. C. M., New Cumberland, West Va.— 
What is the best time for sowing Blue 
Grass and Orchard Grass ? Can they be 
sown on wheat in spring ? 
Ans.— As a general rule, August is the 
best time for sowing and rolling in these 
hardy grasses, just before the fall rains set 
in. The plants will then be sufficiently 
well rooted before winter to hold safely, if 
their growth is not impeded by trampling 
or by the shade of other and taller plants, 
or by unusual drought. The Blue Grass is 
especially a lover of light and will not live 
in the shade as many find whose lawns are 
well carpeted with green, excepting under 
trees and shrubs. Even its own blades will 
smother and kill the plants that they 
hang over and keep darkened during any 
part of the growing season. Orchard Grass 
is of stronger and coarser growth and 
carries its blades more erect. It would en¬ 
dure the close presence of wheat plants 
better than the Blue Grass can, but would 
make a better stand by itself. It likes dry 
ground, and excels most grasses in its fit¬ 
ness for hot, dry, sandy banks and hills 
where it is especially useful. In good 
meadow soil other grasses are preferable to 
it, will be eaten sooner and prove more nu¬ 
tritive. Fresh seed of any of the grasses 
will do well sown early in the spring. They 
need no covering unless birds are likely to 
pick up the seed. A rain will cover them 
sufficiently, or, if a roller can be used it se¬ 
cures close contact with the soil and leaves 
the surface in good shape for the mower. 
TUBERCULOSIS IN A COW. 
A. A. II., (address mislaid).—A week 
after bringing my yearling heifer in from 
the pasture I noticed that she had a slight 
cough, and supposed she had got something 
into her throat. I began feeding her 
turnips, chopped fine, with a little meal 
and bran on them, as soon as she was 
stabled. This feed has been continued 
with hay and cut corn-for d»r until now. 
The dry, hacking cough has seemed to gain 
on her. About a week ago while I was 
looking into her throat, she coughed out 
some pus-colored matter, and later some 
more, partly blood. Since then she has 
seemed easier, not coughing so much, and 
the cough has not been so dry. She 
breathes hard and pants continually, more 
excessively when she has a fit of coughing 
or immediately afterwards. When she 
coughs severely she protrudes her tongue 
and acts as if choked. Her appetite is good 
and she appears moderately thrifty. Lately 
she lies down more than the rest of 
the cattle. I have looked at her throat 
twice, and have seen nothing wrong. 
What is the trouble and is there a remedy ? 
any of the pus-like disharge from the nose 
Ans. —The symptoms indicate a case of 
tuberculosis or consumption. This being 
a contagious, fatal disease of man, and 
transmissible from cattle to man, we would 
advise isolating the heifer at once, and 
handling her with care so as not to allow 
or mouth to come in contact with the per¬ 
son. Then have the heifer personally ex¬ 
amined by a competent veterinary surgeon, 
and killed if found to be tuberculous. 
RASPBERRY QUESTIONS. 
"No name, ” Westboro, Mo.—Most kinds 
of fruit give very good returns here, and 
when any particular kind fails we are apt 
to charge it up to treatment. I have been 
in the strawberry business for eight years 
usually getting a bushel or more to each 
rod. I have all this time been trying to 
raise raspberries, but so far they have been 
a failure. 1. Are raspberries as hardy 
against winter-killing when tied up to a 
trellis as if they were without any support? 
2. Are they as hardy if well trimmed so 
that all the limbs are short and stubby as 
if left to nature? 3. Is there any benefit 
in letting the weeds come up in the latter 
part of the season as a protection? 4. What 
amount of mulching is most beneficial on 
high, dry land? 5. Can blackcaps be 
made a success in any way on good, dry 
corn land in northwest Missouri? 
Ans.— 1. It may be doubted if there is 
any difference in this respect. One may 
offer an opinion or guess, but we are not 
aware that any tests have been made to 
decide the question. 2. Anything that in¬ 
duces a late growth or tends in that direc¬ 
tion will render the plant less hardy. 3. 
We doubt it. 4. We should not mulch 
except late in the fall after all growth has 
ceased. Summer mulching induces the 
roots to grow too near the surface. For 
winter one may mulch little or much as 
he prefers. We have little confidence in 
mulching any way beyond a slight cover¬ 
ing of the roots to prevent “heaving.” 5. 
We should say yes to this question. 
GRASSES FOR A PERMANENT PASTURE. 
J. W. H., Norwood, Mo .—I have a tim¬ 
bered pasture, somewhat stony, from which 
the wild grass has been run out mostly 
by pasturing. I wish to seed it down this 
spring for a permanent pasture without 
plowing ? What grasses are advisable ? 
What proportion of each should be used or 
how much of all to the acre ? 
ANSWERED BY PROF. G. E. MORROW. 
We have no rocky land and not much 
timbered land in this region. I should use 
Timothy, Orchard Grass, Kentucky Blue 
Grass, and either common RedorAlsike 
Clover, expecting the second or third to be 
the chief grasses after two or three years. 
As to quantities, perhaps one-fifth of a 
bushel of Timothy ; one-tenth of a bushel 
of each of the other grasses might lie used. 
The heavier the seeding, within reason, the 
better the stand obtained at once. In this 
region we would have Blue Grass promin¬ 
ent in a half dozen years, even if none was 
sown. Hallowed to mature to seed, the 
Orchard Grass would spread rapidly. 
Where the land is high-priced, I would 
seed heavily ; where it is low-priced and 
the pasturage is not of much money value, 
with seeds high-priced, I would seed more 
sparingly and allow self seeding for a year 
or two. 
LAMENESS IN PIGS. 
L. II. P., (no address).—I have been keep¬ 
ing my spring pigs on a plank floor and 
they have become lame in their hind legs ; 
what should I do for them? They have 
been fed on whole corn most of the time. 
Ans.— Pigs kept constantly on plank or 
concrete floors are very liable to become 
lame, especially if fed largely on corn. If 
fed moderately on a mixed ration, they are 
much less liable to become lame. The corn 
ration tends rather to an excess of fat and 
not enough of bone and muscle to strength¬ 
en and keep the pigs up. To remedy the 
existing lameness, place the pigs on a dirt 
floor or give them access to a yard; but 
with a dry comfortable shelter or nest to 
which they can go at pleasure. Change the 
feed and give a mixed diet, consisting in 
part at least of such foods as wheat mid¬ 
dlings, light shipstuff, ground oats and oil¬ 
cake meal, with slops or boiled potatoes, 
using only a moderate allowance of meal 
or corn. Unless the pigs are to be fattened 
for killing it would be well to reduce the 
feed until they recover from the lameness. 
The application to the loins of an active 
liniment of equal parts of oil of turpentine, 
strong ammonia and sweet oil well shaken 
together, may hasten recovery. 
GOOSBBERRY CULTURE. 
O. R. W., Lyndon, Ky. —I have an acre 
of deep, rich reddish-brown clay soil that I 
want to plant with gooseberries. How 
should they be planted and when ? 
What variety should I plant ? How 
should they be cultivated, and what is an 
average yield per acre? I want to grow them 
for a distant market and I know but little 
about this fruit. 
ANSWERED BY THE KENTUCKY EX. STATION. 
We would plant gooseberries in the 
fall or now, at all events in the early 
spring. Plant in checks five by five or six 
by six feet, the latter distances on strong 
ground. The plants will bear in the third 
year. The cultivation is the same as for 
corn, but, should never be deep, as this 
plant roots quite near the surface. We 
would plant the American, Houghton or 
Shaker. Industry or any other European 
kinds have succeeded in Kentucky. Our 
experience with Growden, Smith’s'jand 
Downton is limited and we cannot say if it 
would be advisable to plant them in your 
section. About 150 bushels per acre would 
be an average yield. The greatest item of 
cost will be gathering. Usually a small 
quantity of gooseberries will satisfy the 
market. 
AN INDEFINITE DESCRIPTION OF A DISEASE 
AMONG HORSES, (PARALYSIS, SPINAL- 
MENINGITIS.) 
W. C. A., Atlantic, Iowa.—A horse of 
mine has broken down from paralysis or 
spinal-meningitis; what should be the 
treatment ? The treatment of the veterin¬ 
arian in charge of the animal does not seem 
to do any good. 
ANSWERED BY DR. F. L. KILBORNE. 
You should have given a careful, full de¬ 
scription of the symptoms of the disease, 
with history and cause as far as known, to 
enable us to judge as to the correctness of 
your diagnosis. Without such symptoms 
we might often be advising treatment for 
one disease, when the symptoms if known 
to us, would plainly indicate another en¬ 
tirely different disease and therefore a dif¬ 
ferent course of treatment. As to par¬ 
alysis or spinal-meningitis, there are not 
only different forms of each of these dis¬ 
eases. but entirely different diseases are 
popularly called paralysis] or spinal-menin¬ 
gitis. Having no definite idea as to the 
particular form of disease to be treated, 
we cannot advise a satisfactory course of 
treatment. 
GRAIN PLANT LICE. 
J. R. O., Sim's Store, Ky.— What are 
the little green insects in the inclosed 
specimens of wheat ? 
ANSWERED BY PROF. A. J. COOK. 
These insects are the grain plant lice— 
Aphis (Siphonophora) avenae. They are the 
same that were so exceedingly abuudant 
last season in Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. 
They did great damage last summer. In 
some parts of Michigan they reduced the 
yield of wheat one-lhird and even the grain 
which was secured was much shrunken. 
It is doubtless the mild weather that has 
caused the invasion and consequent anxiety 
in Kentucky this winter. Last summer 
the insect enemies of these plant lice came 
in swarms and devoured the pests, and so 
the wheat was saved from total destruction. 
It is to be feared that the parasites may not 
be accelerated in their development this 
winter as are the lice, and so the lice will 
have no “ let or hindrance ” unless winter 
come soon to crush them with her vigorous 
cold. The kerosene and soap mixture 
would kill the lice, yet it is doubtful if it 
would pay to use it. It certainly would 
not pay unless one was prepared with a 
large spraying outfit. 
STRAW FOR BEDDING STOCK. 
W. K. (i., Dallas, Pa. —The refuse from 
a broom-corn factory can be bought here for 
$4 per ton, rye straw for $12 per ton, and 
mixed sawdust for 50 cents per ton, all de 
livered at the barn. Which would be the 
cheapest for bedding all kinds of stock ? 
Ans.—A ny kind of straw is worth more 
for feeding than for manure; but no straw 
