53 o 
THE RURAI 
NEW-YORKER 
AUG. 16 
FARMERS’ CLUB-DISCUSSION. 
Cassius M. Clay on Trusts. 
Cassius Marcellus Clay, Whitehall, 
Ky— Tn TheR. N.-Y. of July 26,1 find the 
following: 
“Another Trust has collapsed; but 
strongly as farmers are opposed to such or¬ 
ganizations. thev will hardly rejoice at the 
downfall of this. Tt was a water melon 
trust which was started in Georgia and 
ruined in Chicago. It was to handle the 
enormous melon crop of the Southern 
State. The melons were to be shipped to 
duly accredited agents in all the large cities 
of the Northwest, and were to be sold 
wholesale at auction. The plan did not 
suit the ideas of the local dealers in the 
Windy City, and they ouickly formed a 
countercombination. When the first 
Georgia melons were put up for sale, there 
was but one bid for the entire lot—a ridic¬ 
ulously low one, too—and the melons had 
to go at that. Then the trust smashers 
divided the shipment among themselves 
and charged full prices to small dealers, re¬ 
alizing an immense profit. The plan was 
adopted elsewhere also, and as an inevitable 
result the melon trust ceased to exist. Of 
course there’s a moral to this story—what 
is it ?” 
If The Rural dares to publish it, I will 
answer. “The National Government must 
own the railroads ”—as Russia does—and 
run them as it does the Posh office. The 
attempt to control the railroad power— 
which owns the Government —is like at¬ 
tempting to lift one’s-sclf by pulling on his 
boots. We are not fighting to prevent the 
ruin of the Republic, but for its restoration. 
The railroads own a key to every one’s 
chest—rich and poor. Every American is 
in a state of siege. He can neither go out nor 
into “ his castle,” nor carry any thing in or 
out without the order or permission of the 
railroad powers. I paid $26 to the railroad 
powers to carry a sheep and crib to Louisi¬ 
ana—weight, say, 300 pounds. My buyer 
was forced to pay it. Neither I nor he had 
any remedy. From Louisiana I ordered, as 
usual, my barrel of sugar—say 300 pounds. 
It cost me (for a trip of about 1,000 miles),— 
freight to Louisville —$1. From Louisville 
here—say, 100 miles—it cost me by rail $1, 
just as much as for the 1,000 miles by water. 
I have been breeding and selling beef 
cattle for over half acentury, and June was 
and is the best time in the year to sell. The 
animals weigh about 1,700 pounds each, 
are in first-rate order, and the foreign de¬ 
mand is greater this year than last, and 
last year it was greater than the year be¬ 
fore, and I have not had a bid on them from 
anywhere in the United States. Every day 
I lose money. About November the rail¬ 
road power will send a buyer and take them 
at its own figures, and by this system I am 
ruined. I have paid with others in this coun¬ 
ty $500,000 to railroads, and, though living 
one mile from a turnpike leading to a rail¬ 
road station, I am not able, five months in 
the year, to drive a wheeled carriage at all. 
During the past week I have been working 
the road (one-half of the mile) to Foxtown 
at my own expense. And yet I pay a coun¬ 
ty-tax for this purpose in addition to the 
half million of dollars paid to the railroad 
power. 
The whole property, real and personal, in 
Madison County is valued at about 
$7,000,000. In Clark County it is reported 
that there are 800 voters who only own $40 
worth of property which can be taxed. The 
railroad powers can go into Clark County, 
and by bribery and corruption take the 
last dollar (legally) of every citizen without 
doing anything whatever in return for this 
robbery. After all this, I have to pay for 
the “water-melon trust” and all other 
trusts and legalized robberies. I declare 
that I am no longer a freeman: and that in 
no true sense is this a Republic. To day 
this is the worst “ government on earth.” 
And so I might write volumes upon this 
usurpation. But the journals of large cir¬ 
culation, so far as I know (except the Inde¬ 
pendent of New York) belong to the rail¬ 
road power! “Who shall deliver us from 
this death ?” I ask The R. N.-Y. to publish 
this paper without erasion, and I pray all 
lovers of Law, Liberty and Light every¬ 
where to place it before the people. 
The New Morrill Bill. 
W. I. Chamberlain, President Iowa 
Agricultural College.— A short editorial 
in The R. N.-Y. proposes to investigate 
the agricultural colleges before Congress 
increases their endowments, as proposed 
by the Morrill Senate Bill. My own idea 
would be to limit the new gifts as care¬ 
fully as need be to secure their proper 
use. To aid The Rural, however, in the 
proposed investigation, I propose to come 
into court without summons and give the 
facts in regard to one of these colleges. 
1. Intent oe the Law of 1862.—“ What’s 
in a name ?” I will not re-quote the oft- 
quoted law, but simply call attention to 
the fact that the popular name “ agri¬ 
cultural ” college is partial and hence mis¬ 
leading. Three things, not one alone, are 
named in the organic law, viz., agricul¬ 
ture, mechanic arts and military tactics, 
and also “such branches of learning” as 
are related to them. The name “ agricul 
tural ” used alone is therefore as mislead¬ 
ing as that of “ mechanical ” or ' ‘ military” 
would be. The course of study should be 
in a high and broad sense industrial, and 
should lead largely to the industrial call¬ 
ings. On this point most of us agree. 
2. Results of our Courses of Study.— 
“ By their fruits ye shall know them.” Of 
our regular classical colleges nearly all the 
graduates, at least until very recently, 
have entered the professional, clerical and 
commercial callings, scarcely two per cent, 
entering agriculture, except when driven 
by ill-health (as I was myself), and about 
the same per cent, entering the mechanical 
and strictly industrial callings. These 
figures are pretty carefully collected down 
to about 1875, when the “agricultural” 
colleges really began to work and exert 
an influence on the older colleges. Compare 
with these the figures from this college, 
stemming, as it had to do, this tide of senti¬ 
ment as to what a “college” ought to do, 
and the still stronger tide of desire as to 
what parents, even farmers, really want 
us to do for their own children, as well as 
what the students themselves want when 
they come. For abundant facts, both 
amusing and exasperating, have shown us 
here that the loudest talkers and the 
“ highest kickers” even among the farmers, 
as a rule, simply want " the other fellow’s 
children ” educated for the farm—theirs for 
the professions. 
Against this unmistakable tide the fol¬ 
lowing are our results : More than half of 
our 473 graduates down to 1886 entered 
agriculture and the manual and me¬ 
chanical industries, including the agri¬ 
cultural professorships, and editorships, 
and less than half entered the learned 
professions, including law, medicine, 
theology, general teaching, journal¬ 
ism, banking and all other professions and 
clerical and commercial callings. Of those 
who left before graduation the per cent, 
was about the same. Since 1886 the per 
cent, for the industries has been larger. 
For our “Biennial Report” in 1887 and 
again in 1889 I took the “ statistics of in¬ 
tention,” with great care. The classes of 
those two years, including six earned second 
degrees, graduated 91 members. The occu¬ 
pations distinctly chosen at graduation 
were as follows: 
AGRICULURAL, MECHANICAL AND INDUS¬ 
TRIAL CALLINGS CHOSEN. 
Agriculture and horticulture. 16 
Architecture . 1 
Civil engineering. 11 
Designing and draughting. 1 
Electrical engineering. 1 
Mechanical engineering. 4 
Practical and manufacturing chemistry. 6 
Veterinary medicine and surgery. 20 
Total of agricultural, mechanical and Industrial 
callings. 60 
In agricultural, horticultural and veterinary 
science. 36 
PROFESSIONAL, CLERICAL AND COMMERCIAL 
CALLINGS CHOSEN. 
Dentistry (partly mechanical). 1 
Law. 8 
Medicine . s 
Teaching (chiefly ladles) . io 
Merchandising. 2 
Total of professional, clerical and commercial 
callings. 26 
Not decided. 5 
That is, of the decisions made at gradua¬ 
tion, under the influence of our course of 
study and our college atmosphere, almost 
exactly 70 per cent, were for the agricul¬ 
tural and industrial callings, and only 30 
per cent, for the professions and all the 
clerical and commercial callings. These 
results seem to me truly amazing in view 
of the results in the regular classical col¬ 
leges. 
3. The College Atmosphere.— The re¬ 
mark is as common as it is untrue of this 
college, that many a farmer’s boy goes to 
an agricultural college fully intending to 
be a farmer, and the college “ atmosphere ” 
and college course take all farm ideas out 
of him. Now, our “Preliminary Cards” 
to be filled out by students on entering, 
have one question on them that helps us to 
know the facts so far as concerns us here. 
The question is this: “ What occupation 
in life have you chosen ?” I have just 
been “shuffling” and counting these 
cards. Of 190 in the two lower classes and 
special students—new students this year— 
only 62 had chosen agriculture and the in¬ 
dustries, that is, only 33 per cent, had 
chosen the industries on entering. But 70 
per cent, had chosen the industries at grad¬ 
uating. Therefore, “the college atmos¬ 
phere ” converted 37 per cent, towards the 
industries. If such facts do not nail that 
old familiar falsehood, then it must be 
deathless. Still further, 40 per cent, of 
these two graduating classes chose agricul¬ 
ture and horticulture and veterinary prac¬ 
tice alone. Some might, at first, question 
the agricultural character of veterinary 
practice. But all must say, on further 
thought, that in no way could this college 
better promote the agricultural wealth and 
welfare of Iowa than by sending forth each 
year a band of thoroughly educated veter¬ 
inarians to supplant quacks, promote 
health, prevent contagion and save life 
among our domestic animals; for these 
animals constitute the bulk of our agricul¬ 
tural wealth and yearly money income in 
Iowa. 
4. The College Course and Expendi¬ 
tures. —Without going into details, I 
simply give the following “lump” facts. 
Of our total National income we expend 
$39,750 per year in teaching, illustrating 
and experimenting concerning those sub¬ 
jects either explicitly or implicitly re¬ 
quired in our organic law, the land grant 
jaw of 1862; and $6,050 upon studies dis¬ 
tinctly permitted by that law. Under the 
first head I include such arts and applied 
sciences as agriculture, horticulture, stock 
breeding, veterinary science, mechanical 
and civil engineering, military science and 
tactics and domestic economy as explicitly 
required; and such sciences as pure mathe¬ 
matics, chemistry, physics, botany, geol¬ 
ogy, physiology, zoology, entomology, com¬ 
parative anatomy, pathology and political 
and economic science, as underlying or 
closely related sciences, and therefore re¬ 
quired implicitly or by implication. Under 
the same head I might justly include such 
studies as are needed to help make students 
intelligent men and women, and moral 
and patriotic citizens; as, for example, 
English language composition, rhetoric, 
elocution and literature, English and gen¬ 
eral history, history of civilization, psychol¬ 
ogy, civics and ethics, including Sabbath 
sermons or ethical lectures. Some might, 
however, prefer to class these under the 
second general head, simply as permitted 
though not required by the law. 
5. Permitted Studies.— “ The Greek 
and Latin business.” After requiring cer¬ 
tain sciences and studies in the line of 
those named above, the National law of 
1862, Section 4, provides that “ the leading 
object shall be, without excluding other 
scientific and classical studies and includ¬ 
ing military tactics, to teach such branches 
of learning as are related to agriculture 
and the mechanic arts, * * in order to pro¬ 
mote the liberal and practical-education of 
the industrial classes in the several pursuits 
and professions of life.” 
Among such permitted studies this col¬ 
lege offers (not requires) one year of Latin 
to the gentlemen and two to the ladies: also 
one year and a half of either French or 
German. The grounds on which this is 
done are partly as follows: Latin is taught 
chiefly as one of the best means of teaching 
the general principles of language and the 
etymology and meaning of English words, 
especially scientific names and terms. 
French, one year, is required of the en¬ 
gineers because much of the best literature 
of engineering is in that language. Ger¬ 
man is offered especially to students In 
chemical, physical and biological studies, 
because much of the best literature of 
those sciences is in that language. To the 
ladies Latin, French and German are offered 
partly because teaching is as yet their chief 
and best paying “industry,” and a knowl¬ 
edge of these languages helps them to 
secure better high school positions. Greek 
is not taught at all. Music ; sight reading 
of notes with the voice is taught as an 
excellent mental drill, and to fit students 
for positions as teachers and for usefulness 
and enjoyment in life. Piano music is an 
extra The pupils, not the college funds, 
pay for the instruction. 
That this college has held closely to the 
“ leading object ” prescribed in its organic 
law is manifest from the above; also from 
the fact that while it spends $39,750 annu¬ 
ally upon studies it spends only $400 on 
Latin, $400 on French, $400 on German and 
$400 on music, $1,600 in all, on the four 
things which though they are “ not ex¬ 
cluded ” in the organic law, yet are often 
classed by critics as “ornamental,” “non- 
agricultural,” “classical,” etc., in short, 
the studies which constitute the chief 
“stumbling-block and rock of offence.” 
One thing, however, is true of our 
students : at graduation they are fitted for 
work, and almost invariably soon find em¬ 
ployment that is congenial, useful, profit 
able and honorable. They help to increase 
our material wealth and our social welfare 
nd to advance our true civilization. 
The Dougal Gooseberry; Tree 
Agents. 
Lewis Roesch, Fredonia, N. Y.—Re¬ 
ferring to the inquiry in The R. N.-Y. 
of August 2: “What is the proper course 
for The Rural to pursue in the case of the 
two varieties of gooseberries orginated by 
Jas. Dougal ? ” I think the Editor might 
get the heirs interviewed by their post¬ 
master, express agent, bank cashier, attor¬ 
ney, or some such person, and thus get an 
answer. Failing in this I think he might 
sell them to the highest bidder for the 
benfit of the heirs. Deposit the money in 
some bank and cover it into his own or the 
paper’s treasury when outlawed. I am 
much interested in the recent discussion 
of the “Tree Agent” in The Rural. I 
think he is a necessary evil. Although per¬ 
sonally I have no use for him, yet I can see 
that many nurseries have. I am aware that 
the fraternity is looked down upon as one 
of moral lepers in many places, and that, I 
am sure, is not an encouragement for good 
men to engage In the business. It’s only 
the brazen-faced that flourish in such an 
atmosphere : yet it seems to me that good 
men might start the business at home where 
they are known, connecting it, perhaps, 
with some other business at first, and grad¬ 
ually extend their operations as they and 
their stock become better known. Of 
course the tree agent often is a nuisance, 
but not necessarily so. He ought to be an 
educator of the people in horticultural 
matters, and as useful and respectable as 
the teacher, doctor or lawyer. 
RAISING CREAM WITHOUT ICE. 
Col. F. D. Curtis in the Country Gentle¬ 
man says that the want of ice or cold run¬ 
ning water makes it very difficult, if not 
impossible, for many dairymen to get the 
cream from their milk. Last winter at the 
institutes it was found that when the milk 
was diluted with water, and the contents 
of the glass can were warmed up to 100 de¬ 
grees, and then set in a room with the tem¬ 
perature at 60 to 70 degrees, the cream would 
all be up within two to three hours. 
This summer at the conferences another 
plan has been tried, to wit, diluting the 
milk at a temperature the same as the at¬ 
mosphere—from 65 to 80 degrees—but using 
the coldest water attainable. In these 
experiments the cream would be all up in 
less than two hours. At some of the insti¬ 
tutes the can was filled with milk at a tem¬ 
perature of 65 to 70 degrees, and ice water 
was put in. In such cases the cream would 
all be up in less than an hour, standing in 
the audience room. 
At the Afton conference an experiment 
was made to demonstrate the practicability 
of raising the cream by the diluting pro¬ 
cess. One pound of milk was put into a 
glass can, and one pound of water added. 
The milk was at a temperature of 60 de¬ 
grees, and the water was drawn from the 
well. The can was set in the open air, at a 
temperature of about 70 degrees. In one 
hour the cream was up. It was recom¬ 
mended that the farmers try the process of 
diluting their milk with the coldest water 
obtainable, and to dilute it one-half or at 
least one-third, and to put the water in as 
soon as the cows were milked, while the 
milk was at its normal temperature of 98 
degrees. If from any cause the tempera¬ 
ture was much reduced, the milk should 
be warmed up by the addition of warm 
water, and the cold added afterwards. Of 
course this would dilute the milk all the 
more, and render it not so fit for use. By 
straining and setting the milk as soon as a 
pailful was obtained, and adding the cold 
water, a rapid rising of the cream could be 
obtained. 
It was also recommended that small ves¬ 
sels be used In which to set milk, or, at all 
events, that a small quantity be put into 
the vessels, as in this way the cream would 
be more likely to all get up before souring. 
There should be an attempt to make as 
much difference as possible between the 
temperature of the milk when set and that 
of the water which was put into it. If the 
milk could be set in a cool place or be sur¬ 
rounded by cool water, it would be better, 
as by so doing a greater margin of temper¬ 
ature would be produced, and the milk 
would be made cooler and kept cooler a 
longer time. When the milk showed signs 
of being coagulated, the cream should be 
taken off, as there would be no further gain 
of cream. The water warmed by the milk 
—when water is put about the milk— 
