346 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
May 16 
Live Stock Matters 
ANTHRAX AND BLACK LEG. 
VACCINATION TO PREVENT THEM. 
Several times last summer, the papers 
contained accounts of serious outbreaks 
of anthrax among cattle in various parts 
of the country. Some years ago, Pasteur 
advocated the treatment of this disease 
by vaccination on about the principle 
that humans are treated to prevent small¬ 
pox. So far has this been carried in 
Europe, that we are informed that 
European live stock insurance compan¬ 
ies will not insure against these diseases 
until the animal has been vaccinated. 
In order to learn what is claimed for 
this remedy, The R. N.-Y. interviewed 
Mr. Harold Sorby, who has charge of 
the Pasteur remedies in this country. 
This was not done with a view of adver¬ 
tising or recommending this treatment, 
but merely to let our readers know what 
it is. 
What- sort of a disease is anthrax ? 
was first asked. 
Anthrax and black leg are diseases 
of the blood. 
To what disease may they be com¬ 
pared ? 
In general, to Texas fever ; but, 
Texas fever is communicated externally, 
while anthrax and black leg are usually 
communicated internally ; that is, with 
food, etc. 
What is the cause ? 
Anthrax and black leg are caused by 
the introduction into the system, usually 
through the food, of germs, which read¬ 
ily find their way into the blood, and 
there they multiply at a fabulous rate. 
Deaths from anthrax are sometimes at- 
tri buted to the eating of poisonous weeds, 
as the ante-mortem symptoms often give 
rise to a supposition of poisoning. 
At what age are the diseases most 
likely to affect cattle ? 
Full-grown cattle are most suscept¬ 
ible to anthrax, while black leg is prin¬ 
cipally confined to calves—about 90 per 
cent of the cases being among the latter. 
Horses, mules, sheep and goats are also 
susceptible to anthrax. 
What proportion of American stock 
may be said to have been afflicted with 
anthrax during the past 20 years ? 
The records of cattle diseases in the 
States are very imperfect, and it is only 
during the past few years that attempts 
have been made to collect reliable statis¬ 
tics. Anthrax is an imported disease, 
but black leg is indigenous to the soil. 
Outbreaks of anthrax are spasmodic. 
When they do occur, the animals in the 
whole section where it appears, may be 
carried off, as was the case in the 
Genesee Valley a few years ago, and 
which threatened to occur in the south¬ 
ern counties of New Jersey last summer. 
Black leg recurs pretty regularly every 
year, and carries off from 10 to 50 per 
cent of the calves in the large breeding 
States. 
Are anthrax and black leg always 
fatal? 
Ninety per cent of the cases termin¬ 
ate fatally. The first symptom is often 
death, but the animal may survive for 
from six hours to three days after the 
sickness has been first noted. 
What climate or condition of soil is 
conducive to the spreading of the dis¬ 
eases ? 
Anthrax and black leg are found all 
over the world, but alluvial soil is most 
conducive to the spread of the diseases. 
Anthrax is more generally found along 
river bottoms, marshy land and dried-up 
ponds. A long, dry summer, followed 
by rain, favors the development of the 
germ, and outbreaks of anthrax may 
then be expected. Black leg may occur 
anywhere—generally in the fall. 
How are they usually communicated 
from one animal to another ? 
The ante and post-mortem discharges 
of the diseased animal contaminate the 
pasture, and so communicate the disease 
to the other animals. The germs also 
readily enter scratches or abrasions on 
the body. Flies and other insects are 
also supposed to carry the disease. 
Can anthrax and black leg be said to 
be as general or likely to be encoun¬ 
tered, or as dangerous to the average 
farmer, as tuberculosis ? 
Anthrax and black leg are much more 
dangerous than tubeiculosis, in that they 
run their course much more rapidly, and 
terminate fatally. On the other hand, 
however, a farmer is not likely to pur¬ 
chase an animal suffering from anthrax 
or black leg, while, if not previously 
tested, he may purchase a tuberculous 
cow. The danger with anthrax and 
black leg is always present, as anything 
coming on to the farm may introduce the 
disease. Anthrax and black leg are of a 
most treacherous nature, and no amount 
of quarantining will stop the disease or 
prevent its introduction. 
What sections of the country are most 
liable to infection ? 
I have authentic reports as to out¬ 
breaks of anthrax more or less serious 
in the following States : Maine, Ver¬ 
mont, New York, Pennsylvania, Dela¬ 
ware, New Jersey, Virginia, Florida, 
Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louis¬ 
iana, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Wiscon¬ 
sin, Texas, North Dakota and California. 
Black leg prevails in all the breeding 
States, notably in North Dakota and 
South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, Ne¬ 
braska, Kansas,' Texas, Indian Territory 
and Iowa. Also in Illinois, Pennsyl¬ 
vania and New York. Probably, also, 
in every other State where cattle are 
raised. 
How can these diseases be cured or 
prevented ? 
The treatment of anthrax and black 
leg is most unsatisfactory, and practi¬ 
cally impossible, as the disease runs its 
course too rapidly. The removal of all 
the apparently healthy animals from the 
valley to the mountains, will sometimes 
stop the disease. This, of course, is sel¬ 
dom practicable, especially on small 
farms. Moreover, it entails a heavy loss, 
as the low-lying pasture, generally very 
rich, cannot be used. There are vast 
tracts of land in different parts of the 
country that are well known as infected 
pasture. The old-fashioned way of 
setoning for black leg is sometimes re¬ 
sorted to with varying results. Anthrax 
and black leg can both be prevented by 
vaccination, in the same way that pro¬ 
tection against smallpox in the human 
being is obtained. 
What is the result of vaccination ? 
How is the operation performed ? 
Vaccination consists in the injection 
of a few drops of liquid known as an¬ 
thrax or black-leg vaccine, respectively. 
The anthrax vaccine is supplied in liquid 
(Continued on next page.) 
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