586 
August 29 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
NOTES FROM " LUAVA.’’ 
At the present time, the garden yields 
an abundant supply of Lima beans, tur¬ 
nips, beets, cabbage, sweet corn, squash, 
eggplant, tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, 
celery, and lettuce. There are an even 
dozen of good friends that sadly inter¬ 
fere with the butcher’s business. We 
like the Tetofsky apple for home use. It 
is later than the Red Astrachan, keeps 
better, and can be used for a greater 
variety of purposes. 
8 8 8 
Our first picking of Crosby sweet corn 
was made August 1, from rows planted 
May 11. The Adams corn gave us a good 
supply of ears from duly 19 until after 
the Crosby was ready. By comparing 
the two varieties at the same meal, it is 
quite evident that the Adams is not a 
true sugar corn. Still, when picked 
green enough, it gives a good boiling 
ear of fair quality. When fully ripened, 
it gives an ear that resembles a firm, 
white dent quite different from the 
ripened ear of a true sweet corn. 
XXX 
The Crimson clover has made an ex¬ 
cellent start. The abundant rains made 
the ground moist, and there was no repe¬ 
tition of last year’s failure to sprout the 
seed. In the tomatoes, we simply scat¬ 
tered the seed among the vines and left 
it without covering. It has, apparently, 
all started and is growing rapidly. 
Among the raspberries and currants, the 
seed was sown on well-prepared ground 
and well covered. Part of it was rolled 
or packed after seeding, but in this damp 
season, the rolling does not appear to 
have helped the crop. In a dry time, we 
would expect good results from the roll¬ 
ing, but this year, in our part of the 
country, rolling or packing was just the 
thing not to do, for the ground usually 
contained too much water, and the object 
was to get rid of it rather than to hold it. 
X X X 
A ROW of cow peas planted July 24, 
Live Stock Matters 
A TAINT IN THE BREED. 
The Influence of Former Breeding 
THE QUESTION. 
I read in some of the poultry papers the claim 
that if fowls of one breed were mated with an¬ 
other breed, they would never breed true again. 
For instance, if a P. Rock hen were mated with 
a Light Brahma cock, then the P. Rock hen be 
bred to a P. Rock cock, the hen will never breed 
true again. This is the claim made by many, 
but I do not believe it. w. a. m. 
THE ANSWERS. 
I believe and, in fact, I know, that if 
a P. Rock hen should run with a Light 
Brahma cock, and afterwards be put 
with a P. Rock cock, as soon as she 
wanted to sit, that she would throw pure 
P. Rocks, and would breed just as true 
as though she had never been with the 
Brahma cock. philander williams. 
From experience and observation, as 
well as from the reason of the thing, I 
believe that, if there is any possibility 
of contamination of a female by mating 
with a male of a different breed, it is so 
small that it can be ignored. Such con¬ 
tamination is not worth taking into 
account. The claim that the male, by 
running with females of another breed, 
will become contaminated, is contrary to 
experience, observation and reason. It 
is ridiculousness itself, h. s. babcock. 
It has been claimed that, as there is 
no arterial circulation of blood between 
the dam and the embryo, no ill effects 
can result from crossing. My experience 
has been that the chicks come true to 
the breed, no matter how many times 
the hen has been bred to different males. 
Some breeders affirm, however, that 
they have known of instances where the 
effects of previous crossing were notice¬ 
able. I believe them mistaken, and 
that, if a hen is separated from the first 
male a sufficient length of time, the 
chicks will partake of the characteristics 
of their sire (the second male), being in 
no manner affected by the infiuence of 
the first male. So far as the male being 
has grown about 18 inches high, and the use less for breeding with purebred hens, 
plants are now beginning to run. The 
seed came from North Carolina, and was 
of this year’s first crop. There is, of 
course, no hope of maturing seed so late 
in the season, but we shall, evidently, 
obtain a heavy growth of vines. Early 
Black cow peas were planted in the 
sweet corn, July 28. We dropped them 
at random in the drills, four or five feet 
apart and three or four peas at a place. 
The “ planting ” was done by kicking a 
hole in the earth, dropping the peas and 
covering with the foot. The peas started 
in four days, and have made a fair 
growth, though the corn is very dense 
and thoroughly shades the ground. The 
peas grow over a foot high before start¬ 
ing to run along the ground. They will 
have nearly a month to grow yet. 
X X X 
Evergreen sweet corn planted May 
21 is now ripening. On one small patch 
in the garden, the stalks stand over 13 
feet high. This is the place on which 
potatoes were grown under a mulch last 
year. The potatoes were dropped in 
shallow drills, a little earth pulled over 
them and the whole thing covered with 
about two inches of well-rotted manure. 
This was not disturbed until the pota¬ 
toes were dug. After digging, Crimson 
clover seed was broadcasted and worked 
in with the wheel cultivator. The clover 
made a fair growth, and this spring, it 
was spaded under and the place was 
planted to sweet corn. The growth is 
enormous, and extends just as far as 
last year’s mulch was spread. Outside 
of that area, the corn is, at least, 18 
inches shorter and of a lighter color. 
There was just as much manure used 
breeding. These are mere “ freaks of 
Nature,” and all such females should be 
converted into food as soon as possible. 
I believe the laws of Nature in regard to 
breeding to be universal, and apply alike 
to animals, birds and reptiles. 
F. A. LEHMANN. 
Authorities differ on this question. As 
I understand it, the claim is not that 
birds never breed true again, but that 
they are not as sure to breed true, or 
that they cannot be depended upon after¬ 
wards, that they receive a certain in¬ 
fluence or impression that may last, and 
which affects future progeny. Cattle 
breeders find that this is often the ease 
with cattle. It is said that, if a heifer 
produce her first calf by a certain bull, 
her other calves are very liable to re¬ 
semble this bull, although she is served 
by a different bull that is very much un¬ 
like the first. It is said that mares 
which have been used for the production 
of mules, very often produce colts hav¬ 
ing long ears and other mulish char¬ 
acteristics, when they are bred to a stal¬ 
lion. It would be hard to say why or, 
in the case of fowls, to give anything to 
show that it is the same with them. Ex¬ 
periments in this line, unless carried on 
with the utmost care for a score of 
years, would be worthless. 
Personally if I were breeding the high¬ 
est grade of any purebred fowls for ex¬ 
hibition or fancy points, and desired to 
secure other specimens to breed with 
them, I would not, on any account, buy 
of a breeder who allowed different 
breeds to run together when not mated 
for breeding. I would be more particular 
about the females than the males. It 
would, I believe, result in more varia¬ 
tion, a smaller per cent of choice birds, 
and more sports among the progeny 
when they were mated up with their 
own breed for a proper length of time. 
I would not j>ay high or fancy prices for 
stock managed in this way. Practical 
egg producers and breeders of the busi¬ 
ness hen would have less reason to take 
this precaution. samuel cushman. 
where this poorer corn grows, but it 
was spaded in. The line of last year’s 
mulch—where the ground was shaded 
during the entire season—is plainly 
marked by the growth of the corn. Now 
is this extra growth due to the Crimson 
clover that was turned under, or to the 
last year’s mulch ? s. 
after having been mated with scrub 
hens, it is an impossibility, as the organs 
of reproduction of the male are such as 
to make it almost absurd to suggest such 
a possibility. p. h. Jacobs. 
I believe the statement, that the fe¬ 
male of any species, is permanently con¬ 
taminated by a scrub male, to be wholly 
untrue. The influence of the cock upon 
the hen’s eggs does not extend beyond 
the 10th day, and he does not affect the 
hen in any other way than upon the eggs. 
If more than 10 days are allowed to 
elapse before she is bred to a male of her 
own breed, the eggs will be pure. A 
mare, I believe her name is Ella Me- 
Goffin, was bred three consecutive years 
to a jack, and produced three mule colts. 
If ever there was a female that should 
have been ruined, this mare was that 
one. Then for two consecutive years, 
following the third mule colt, she was 
bred to the great trotting sire, Blue 
Bull, and produced two fillies, one of 
which afterwards trotted in 2:25, and 
the other in 2.25J^. Neither of these 
colts showed the slightest trace of con¬ 
tamination, nor has any subsequent colt 
produced by that mare. A mare carries 
her colt about 342 days, and there is a 
more intimate connection between her 
and the foetus than there is between the 
hen and her eggs, in my opinion. If, 
then, a mare is not contaminated by a 
jack, it shows that there is not such a 
circulation through the foetus as to 
poison the blood of the mare. When the 
hen, or any other female that has been 
bred to a scrub male, does not breed true 
afterwards, I believe that the fault lies 
wholly in the pedigree of the female. If 
the female is but partly bred herself, 
she cannot breed true to any one line, 
unless the male is prepotent enough to 
control the offspring. Some females, 
although purely bred, will breed back to 
a far distant scrub ancestry, in spite of 
the-fact that they have never Jbeen bred 
to_any other than males of the highest 
fM ECONOMY 
in the feeding of the corn crop, something that 
will SAVE THE 37 Per Cent, of the total 
nutriment, which is contained in the stalk alter 
the ear is _ _ . , 
husked, we l£SSp\ ST. ALBANS 
STKi FODDER 
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IT REDUCES THE HEAVY STALKS TO A 
FINE LONC FIBRE similar to hay, which is 
readily eaten by all kinds of live stock and abso¬ 
lutely without waste. When desired the Shredder 
is equipped with a set of rollers that will snap 
off the ears; indeed, husk most of them ready 
for shelling. You will find much of interest 
and value about this economic measure in our 
book on Shredders, sent FREE to any address. 
ST. ALBANS FOUNDRY CO. 
ST. ALBANS, VERMONT. 
Influence of Sire and Dam. 
It is a fact that some bulls, of noted 
ancestry, even, will beget calves exceed¬ 
ingly indifferent for dairy purposes. On 
the other hand, when a good cow is 
served by a bull of much shorter pedi¬ 
gree, the offspring may prove to be quite 
a famous milker. Personally, therefore, 
regardless of pedigree, I would rather 
pay $5 for the service fee of a bull with 
noted progeny, than $1 for a bull with a 
pedigree a mile long, but of whose 
progeny I know nothing. The offspring 
will approximate the physical character¬ 
istics of the sire, such as shape, size and 
constitutional vigoY. Let us take this 
Holstein-Jersey cross as an example, as 
regards size. The offspring of the Jersey 
bull were larger than he, but not as large 
as purebred Holsteins. In the case of the 
Holstein bull, the offspring were smaller 
than he, but larger than purebred Jer¬ 
seys. In either case, the change in size 
was from that of the breed of the dam 
toward that of the sire, either ascending 
or descending. Quantity of milk is more 
of a physical characteristic of a breed. 
Quality is more of a motherly or indi¬ 
vidual trait. As a general thing, the 
Holsteins give more, the Jerseys richer 
milk. According to the laws of heredity, 
we would, therefore, expect from a 
Jersey-Holstein cross, cows giving milk 
in decreased quantity without a corre¬ 
sponding increase in quality. From a 
Holstein-Jersey cross, we would expect 
an increased quantity of milk to the 
credit of the sire, and an increase in 
quality for which the motherly trait of 
the dam is responsible. Even the sex 
seems to be very much dependent upon 
the dam. 
As an illustration, let us take two of 
my cows with whose every trait I am 
particularly familiar. The one has been 
served by a different bull every time, 
but^she always drops heifer calves, The 
{Continued on next paye). 
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