TYPHOID FEVER; OR, CONTAGIOUS INFLUENZA IN THE HORSE. 
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the best that has been found. It will be seen that these two 
diseases are strangely similar in their general symptoms, most 
of which, from the very beginning, are almost identical; the 
intense fever noticed in man in the early stages of the disease 
is also well defined in the horse, and especially so if there be 
complications; this disease is also accompanied by a condition 
resembling drunkenness, stupefaction and debility, and prob¬ 
ably, also, intense headache; the symptoms indicating this 
condition. While these symptoms are of far less importance in 
the horse than in man, they nevertheless show the marked 
resemblance between the two diseases. A large number of 
papers have been written upon this subject, but many of them 
are of little scientific value. In 1869, M. Salles presented to 
the Central Society of Veterinary Medicine, Paris, a competi¬ 
tive essay on this subject, containing much valuable and inter¬ 
esting information. In the year 1870, Bouley made a report on 
this disease, presenting some new and interesting facts, adding 
much to our knowledge of the subject, the symptomatology 
and pathological alterations being especially well studied. 
Etiology. —The writings of the last twenty years tend to 
prove that this disease, typhoid fever, or influenza, is especially 
characteristic of the horse, and is confined to this species. It 
develops rapidly in young animals, approaching or a little past 
the age of full growth; it seldom occurs in old horses, and if at 
all is usually in a mild form. Here is another instance of the 
similarity of this disease to that of the human species, where 
the disease is chiefly seen in individuals about the age of twenty, 
while it is an exception in old persons and infants. It has not 
yet been determined that colts are not exempt from this disease, 
for the reason that they are seldom if ever confined in stables 
containing a large number of horses, and are away from the 
centers of infection, but it is not uncommon to find it in horses 
of from three to three and a half years old. Age, therefore, 
seems to be a predisposing cause, and when enforced idleness is 
added to this, the predisposition is greatly increased. M. Ben¬ 
jamin even goes so far as to deny the contagiousness of this 
