322 
E. A. A. GRANGE. 
character, but I have been deceived so often by both kinds, the 
mild as well as the sulky looking, that I am now disposed to 
think that it is often over-estimated as a guide for future 
performances. 
The acuteness of vision may be determined by making 
passes with the hand in front of the animal, in proximity to the 
organ, examining one eye than the other, taking care that too 
much force is not exerted, as currents of air may be produced 
which will cause the animal to blink, and this blinking mistaken 
for actual vision. 
The lower jaw is composed principally of a large bone, the 
front part of which forms a solid foundation for the implantation 
of the lower incisor teeth. This part is called the body, and 
springing from it are two large rami or branches; the branches 
turn suddenly upward toward the base of the ear, near which 
they form the joint of the lower jaw. 
The angle of inflection is often designated the jowl (Plate 
I, 24). This point if coarsely constructed, through the bone 
being too broad, is sometimes taken exception to, and the 
animal critisised for being too thick in the jowl, or is occasionally 
called heavy-jawed. 
The inter-maxillary space is the V shaped channel formed 
by the spread of the branches of the lower jaw. The channel 
should be deep enough to make its presence quite perceptible. 
When the groove forming the channel does not exist, owing to 
the space being filled with thick skin or other soft tissue, the head 
has a beefy look, as it is called, a style of conformation that is 
disagreeable. 
The inter-maxillary should be broad between the angles of 
the jaw in order that the top of windpipe (the larynx ) may have 
plenty of room for its eccentricities in all attitudes of the head. 
The head should be attached to the neck in a manner that a 
line drawn through the centre of it will form a right angle with a 
line drawn along the center of the neck, when the animal is 
standing in its natural position. When the angle is more obtuse 
than a right angle, causing the nose to protrude, the horse al- 
